Lidar observations of pyrocumulonimbus smoke plumes in the UTLS over Tomsk (Western Siberia, Russia) from 2000 to 2017

Зуев, В. В.; Gerasimov, V. V.; Nevzorov, Aleksey V.; Savelieva, Ekaterina S.

doi:10.5194/acp-19-3341-2019

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Measurements of aerosols emitted by the event have been reported in some detail. Ansmann et al (2018), Khaykin et al (2018), Zuev et al (2019 and Hu et al (2019) report ground-based lidar observations of the PNE plume as it passed over Europe. Khaykin et al (2018) also report aerosol data from the CALIOP lidar instrument on the CALIPSO satellite.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The polluted air mass was transported around the world, ascending to an alti-tude of 19 km (68 hPa) over a period of 18 d (Khaykin et al, 2018). Lidar observations of extremely high levels of aerosol in the polluted air mass have been reported from Europe (Ansmann et al, 2018;Khaykin et al, 2018;Hu et al, 2019;Baars et al, 2019) and Russia (Zuev et al, 2019). Khaykin et al (2018) describe the PNE in detail and also report spacebased lidar data from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument (Winker et al, 2009), showing the global evolution of the plume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations of biomass burning products in the stratosphere from Canadian forest fires in August 2017

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Forest fires in British Columbia in August 2017 caused a pyrocumulonimbus event that injected a polluted air mass into the lower stratosphere. The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite first observed the polluted air mass on 14 August 2017 and continued to observe it for 60 d (100 d in water vapour). We estimate the mass of CO injected into the stratosphere to be 2400 Gg. Events in which a fire injects its burning products directly into the stratosphere are rare: this is the third of four such events in the 16 years since the launch of Aura, the second largest of the four events, and the only one in the Northern Hemisphere. The other three events occurred in Australia in December 2006, February 2009 and from December 2019 to January 2020. Unlike the 2006 and 2009 events, but like the 2019–2020 event, the polluted air mass described here had a clearly elevated water vapour content: between 2.5 and 5 times greater than that in the surrounding atmosphere. We describe the evolution of the polluted air mass, showing that it rose to an altitude of about 24 km (31 hPa) and divided into several identifiable parts. In addition to CO and H2O, we observe enhanced amounts of HCN, CH3CN, CH3Cl and CH3OH with mixing ratios in the range to be expected from a variety of measurements in other biomass burning plumes. We use back trajectories and plume-dispersion modelling to demonstrate that the pollutants observed by MLS originated in the British Columbia fires, the likeliest source being at 53.2∘ N, 121.8∘ W at 05:20 UTC on 13 August 2017.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations of biomass burning products in the stratosphere from Canadian forest fires in August 2017

et al. 2021

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“…After injection on 12 August 2012, the smoke traveled to northern Canada, and then through the jet stream eastward, crossed the North Atlantic and reached Europe on 21-23 August 2017 (Ansmann et al, 2018;Haarig et al, 2018;Zuev et al, 2019;Hu et al, 2019). Compared to the maximum stratospheric perturbation over Europe after the eruption of Mt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The unprecedented 2017–2018 stratospheric smoke event: Decay phase and aerosol properties observed with EARLINET

Baars¹,

Ansmann²,

Ohneiser³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Six months of stratospheric aerosol observations with the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) from August 2017 to January 2018 are presented. The decay phase of an unprecedented, record-breaking stratospheric perturbation caused by wild fire smoke is reported and discussed in terms of geometrical, optical, and microphysical aerosol properties. Enormous amounts of smoke (mainly soot particles) were injected into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over fire areas in western Canada on 12 August 2017 during strong thunderstorm-pyrocumulonimbus activity. The stratospheric smoke plumes spread over the entire northern hemisphere in the following weeks and months. Twenty-eight European lidar stations from northern Norway to southern Portugal and the Eastern Mediterranean monitored the strong stratospheric perturbation on a continental scale. The main smoke layer (over central, western, southern, and eastern Europe) was found between 15 and 20&#8201;km height since September 2017 (about two weeks after entering the stratosphere). Thin layers of smoke were detected to ascent to 22&#8211;24 km height. The stratospheric aerosol optical thickness at 532&#8201;nm decreased from values >&#8201;0.25 on 21&#8211;23 August 2017 to 0.005&#8211;0.03 until 5&#8211;10 September, and was mainly 0.003&#8211;0.004 from October to December 2017, and thus still significantly above the stratospheric background (0.001&#8211;0.002). Stratospheric particle extinction coefficients (532&#8201;nm) were as high as 50&#8211;200&#8201;Mm&#8722;1 until the beginning of September and of the order of 1&#8201;Mm&#8722;1 (0.5&#8211;5&#8201;Mm&#8722;1) from October 2017 until the end of January 2018. The corresponding layer mean particle mass concentration was of the order of 0.05&#8211;0.5&#8201;&#956;g&#8201;cm&#8722;3 over the months. Soot is an efficient ice-nucleating particle (INP) at upper tropospheric (cirrus) temperatures and available to influence cirrus formation when entering the tropopause from above. We estimated INP concentrations of 50&#8211;500&#8201;L&#8722;1 until the first days in September and afterwards 5&#8211;50&#8201;L&#8722;1 until the end of the year 2018 in the lower stratosphere for typical cirrus formation temperatures of &#8722;55&#8201;&#176;C and ice supersaturation values of 1.15. The measured profiles of the particle linear depolarization rato indicated the predominance of non-spherical soot particles. The 532&#8201;nm depolarization ratio decreased with time in the main smoke layer from values of 0.15&#8211;0.25 (August&#8211;September) to values of 0.05&#8211;0.10 (October&#8211;November) and <&#8201;0.05 (December&#8211;January). The decrease of the depolarization ratio is consistent with the steady removal of the larger smoke particles by gravitational settling and changes in the particle shape with time towards a spherical form. An ascending layer with a vertical depth of 500&#8211;1000&#8201;m was detected (over the Eastern Mediterranean at 32&#8211;35&#176;&#8201;N) that ascended from about 18&#8211;19&#8201;km to 22&#8211;23&#8201;km height from the beginning of October to the beginning of December 2017 (about 2&#8201;km per month) and may be related to the increasing build up of the winter-hemispheric Brewer&#8211;Dobson circulation system.

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“…All this is described by Stohl (2006), Law and Stohl (2007), Law et al (2014), and Bozem et al (2019). A fourth mechanism (quite similar to the third one) became relevant during the last few years and is characterized by a rather fast ascent of wildfire smoke up to the tropopause and occasionally into the lower stratosphere via pyro-cumulonimbus (pyro-Cb) convection over areas with intense and long-lasting fires (Fromm and Servranckx, 2003;Fromm et al, 2010;Peterson et al, 2018;Khaykin et al, 2018;Ansmann et al, 2018;Hu et al, 2019;Zuev et al, 2019), immediately followed by further ascent due to self-lifting processes caused by absorption of solar radiation and heating of the smoke-containing air layers (Boers et al, 2010;de Laat et al, 2012;Torres et al, 2020;Ohneiser et al, 2020;Kablick et al, 2020;Khaykin et al, 2020). The light-absorption-related lifting occurs during the spread of the smoke over the respective hemisphere and continues as long as the smoke layers are optically dense enough (aerosol optical thickness AOT>1-2 at 500 nm) with the consequence that the smoke reaches, e.g., the Central Arctic at heights up to 5-10 km above the tropopause.…”

Section: Wildfire Smoke Layer In the Utls Regimementioning

confidence: 95%

UTLS wildfire smoke over the North Pole region, Arctic haze, and aerosol-cloud interaction during MOSAiC 2019/20: An introductory

Engelmann¹,

Ansmann²,

Ohneiser³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. An advanced multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar was operated aboard the icebreaker Polarstern during the MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) expedition, lasting from September 2019 to October 2020, to contiuously monitor aerosol and cloud layers in the Central Arctic up to 30 km height at latitudes mostly between 85° N and 88.5° N. The lidar was integrated in a complex remote sensing infrastructure aboard Polarstern. Modern aerosol lidar methods and new lidar techniques and concepts to explore aerosol-cloud interaction were applied for the first time in the Central Arctic. Aim of the introductory article is to provide an overview of the observational spectrum of the lidar products for representative measurement cases. Highlight of the lidar measurements was the detection of a 10 km deep wildfire smoke layer over the North Pole area from, on average, 7 km to 17 km height with an aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 532 nm around 0.1 (in October–November 2019) and 0.05 from December to mid of March 2020. The wildfire smoke was trapped within the extraordinarily strong polar vortex and remained detectable until the beginning of May 2020. Arctic haze was also monitored and characterized in terms of backscatter, extinction, and extinction-to-backscatter ratio at 355 and 532 nm. High lidar ratios from 60–100 sr in lofted mixed haze and smoke plumes are indicative for the presence of strongly light-absorbing fine-mode particles. The AOT at 532 nm was of the order of 0.025 for the tropospheric haze layers. In addition, so-called cloud closure experiments were applied to Arctic mixed-phase cloud and cirrus observations. The good match between cloud condensation nucleus concentration (CCNC) and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) and, on the other hand, between ice-nucleating particle concentration (INPC) and ice crystal number concentration (ICNC) indicated a clear influence of aerosol particles on the evolution of the cloud systems. CDNC was mostly between 20 and 100 cm−3 in the liquid-water dominated cloud top layer. ICNC was of the order of 0.1–1 L−1. The study of the impact of wildfire smoke particles on cirrus formation revealed that heterogeneous ice formation with smoke particles (organic aerosol particles) as INPs may have prevailed. ICNC values of 10–40 L−1 were clearly below ICNC levels that would indicate homogeneous freezing.

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Lidar observations of pyrocumulonimbus smoke plumes in the UTLS over Tomsk (Western Siberia, Russia) from 2000 to 2017

Cited by 14 publications

References 56 publications

Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations of biomass burning products in the stratosphere from Canadian forest fires in August 2017

Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations of biomass burning products in the stratosphere from Canadian forest fires in August 2017

The unprecedented 2017–2018 stratospheric smoke event: Decay phase and aerosol properties observed with EARLINET

UTLS wildfire smoke over the North Pole region, Arctic haze, and aerosol-cloud interaction during MOSAiC 2019/20: An introductory

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