Life and death at low temperatures, by B. J. Luyet ... and P. M. Gehenio ...

Abstract

immunizing sera. The latter possessed the normal antitoxic and antihacterial properties. Cobra venom, in a 1% solution, maintained in liquid air for 9 days, presented an unaltered toxicity (Lumiere and Nicolas, Province mcdicale, Sept. 21, 1901). According to Pictet (1893), pfomains were affected by exposure to temperatures of-100°t o-200°. 4. Viruses. A strain of bacteriophage active on B. coli and one active on staphylococci, frozen at-78°(with solid CO2) and thawed 20 times consecutively, did not lose any of their activity (Sanderson, 1925). D'Herelle (''The Bacteriophage and Its Behavior," p. 300, Baltimore, 1926), however, reported that while the phage (one for staphylococci and one for dysentery bacilli) was not affected in young filtrates, it was inactivated by 1 to 3 freezings in liquid air, when treated in filtrates more than 17 days old. Rivers (1927), using 19to 90-day-old filtrates of a phage lytic for B. coli, observed that, after 12 freezings in liquid air, the phage was completely inactivated when physiological salt solution was used as a diluent, and that it was partially inactivated when the diluents were Locke's 18 solution, distilled water, or hrotli, the dcni-cc ol" iiiactivatiou decreasing in the order given, lie then cxixMiincuted with dilutions of 1-10 and 1-1000 of tlie slock filtrate and found lliat an increased dilution with salt and Locke's solution increased the percentage of phage inactivated while, on the coiiti'ai'N', increased dilution with distilled water or brotii did not. According to Stockman and Minett (li)2G), the virus of foot and mouth disease was not destroyed by repeated freezing in ammonia brine. Pictet and Yung (1884) reported that the cow-pox vaccine was inactivated after two consecutive exposures of respectively 108 hours to-70°a nd 20 hours to-130°. According to Barrat (1903), an exposure of the rabies virus to the temperature of liquid air for 1 to 5 hours did not inactivate it. Salvin-Moore and Barrat (1908) found that a stay of 30 minutes in liquid air did not affect the graftable mouth cancer. Gaylord (1908) obtained identical results with the same material maintained in liquid air for 80 minutes. Rivers (1927) observed that the herpes virus in a brain emulsion was not inactivated by 12 freezings in liquid air ])ut was inactivated when frozen 24 times in an emulsion diluted 1-20 or more with Locke's solution. Similar results were obtained by the same author with vaccine virus, which resisted 12 freezings in a testicular emulsion diluted 1-10, 1-100, and 1-1000, Imt the titer of the virus decreased after 24 freezings at. dilutions of 1-10,000 and 1-100,000 and the virulence was completely destroyed after 34 freezings at a dilution of 1-100,000. Rivers investigated also rims III and found it to be readily inactivated after 12 freezings at dilutions of 1-10 of his stock emulsion. The results on the infracellulars can be summarized as follows: 1. The enzymes, toxins, bacteriophage and viruses investigated are not affected by a freezing of their 28 })osiii-(' to (lilT...

Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Unfreezable Water in Water–Protein–Polyol Systems

“…The other two transitions, being independent of solute concentration, were observed at -31°C and -36°C for sucrose solutions and at -37°C and -47°C to -48°C for glucose solutions. These transition temperatures coincide with those reported by Luyet and Rasmussen, 19,20) who assigned the terms incipient melting point (1 M ) and antemelting point (AM) to the transitions at the higher and lower temperatures, respectively. Two similar transitions appeared at -38°C and -57°C for xylitol solutions and at -37°C and -49°C for sorbitol solutions regardless of solute concentration.…”

The Carbon Monoxide Stretching Modes in Camphor‐Bound Cytochrome P‐450cam

“…The frequency of the highly populated band remains constant or slightly increases in the temperature range 298-265 K. On further cooling, a frequency jump and a change in the band population on the crystallisation phase transition of the mixture at about 265 K (Luyet and Rasmussen, 1968) was found. For the solution with the starting pH7.2 the frequency jumps from 1939.7 cm-' (a = 0.93) to 1939 cm-' (a = 0.88) and for the solution of the starting pH 5.3 the frequency changes from 1938.8 cm-' (a = 0.96) to 1938.6 cm-' (a = 0.87).…”

“…The slope change at about 180 K may indicate the glassy behaviour of the protein as also discussed for carbonmonoxy myoglobin by Iben et al (1989). It is known that the mixture containing 65% (by mass) glycerol undergoes the glass transition at about 165 K (Luyet and Rasmussen, 1968). Therefore, the frequency and band population slope change in the temperature range 200 K-160 K may be additionally caused by the glass transition of the solvent.…”

Empirical and theoretical models of equilibrium and non-equilibrium transition temperatures of supplemented phase diagrams in aqueous systems (IUPAC Technical Report)

“…Only data reported numerically in the literature were included in these figures, and all of them were obtained from DSC. In the case of sucrose, the difference between T g obtained from midpoint [7,[116][117][118][119][120][121] and onset * [85,86,[122][123][124][125]] is significant, while for trehalose the range of composition for the data obtained from midpoint [7,92,123,126] and onset [7,118,121,[127][128][129][130] do not overlap and a common fit was possible all over the range of compositions. The T g2 values for both pure saccharides are (341 ± 7) K (onset) and (346 ± 6) K (midpoint) for sucrose, and (389 ± 3) K (onset and midpoint) for trehalose.…”