Life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of fuel ethanol production via bio-oil fermentation based on a centralized-distribution model

Integrated techno-economic and environmental assessment of biorefineries: review and future research directions

“…In contrast, biochemical routes use enzymes, bacteria, or other designed organisms to convert biomass to bio-based products. Biochemical processes include fermentation, 34 anaerobic digestion 35 or enzymatic conversion, 36 and combinations of routes. Chemical routes include transesterification and acid hydrolysis, which involve reacting agents such as alcohols or acids to obtain the desired product.…”

Life Cycle Assessment of Fuel Ethanol Production from Food Waste in Consideration of By-Product Utilization

“…Still, using renewable energy and reducing salt consumption could help to reduce these impacts. A life cycle assessment of fuel ethanol from biomass resources showed that the global warming potential (GWP100a) of 1 kg of ethanol produced via direct and indirect fermentation routes was 0.729 kg CO 2 eq/kg ethanol and 0.718 CO 2 eq/kg alcohol, respectively [17]. The results showed that fuel ethanol produced via indirect bio fermentation was more feasible economically, more friendly to the environment, and attractive to the capital market.…”