Life Cycle Assessment of a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Electric Vehicle Battery in Second Life Application Scenarios

Ioakimidis, Christos S.; Murillo-Marrodán, Alberto; Bagheri, Ali; Thomas, Dimitrios; Genikomsakis, Konstantinos N.

doi:10.3390/su11092527

Cited by 79 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In our analysis, despite the relatively limited number of analyzed papers, we found several different functional units. In three studies, [7,9,16] the functional unit is the battery pack. This kind of functional unit does not seem to be particularly appropriate, since it does not refer to the service offered by the systems (as requested by the ISO 14040 norm) and does not allow us to easily compare the environmental performances of different batteries.…”

Section: Functional Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for [8,13,19], which do not define clearly the system boundaries of their work, all the other documents explain their LCAs system boundaries in a clear way. Eight studies out of seventeen [7,9,11,14,[16][17][18]20] analyze all batteries phases (cradle to grave): raw materials extraction and manufacturing, batteries production, transportation, use phase, end of life with material recycling. Three studies [10,12,22] analyze only batteries production, by a cradle to gate assessment, due to the lack of reliable information for modelling the use and the end of life phases.…”

Section: System Boundariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries: An Overview of Recent Literature

2020

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In electric and hybrid vehicles Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), batteries play a central role and are in the spotlight of scientific community and public opinion. Automotive batteries constitute, together with the powertrain, the main differences between electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles. For this reason, many decision makers and researchers wondered whether energy and environmental impacts from batteries production, can exceed the benefits generated during the vehicle’s use phase. In this framework, the purpose of the present literature review is to understand how large and variable the main impacts are due to automotive batteries’ life cycle, with particular attention to climate change impacts, and to support researchers with some methodological suggestions in the field of automotive batteries’ LCA. The results show that there is high variability in environmental impact assessment; CO2eq emissions per kWh of battery capacity range from 50 to 313 g CO2eq/kWh. Nevertheless, either using the lower or upper bounds of this range, electric vehicles result less carbon-intensive in their life cycle than corresponding diesel or petrol vehicles.

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Section: Functional Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: System Boundariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries: An Overview of Recent Literature

2020

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“…A comparison among recycling methods is proposed by some authors [47], in which the final result defines the role of recycling policies that aim to incentivize battery collection and emissions reductions ( Table 2). [48] x [49] x [50] x [51] x [52] x [53] x [54] x [55] x [18] x [42] x [56] x [57] x [21] x [58] x [50] x [59] x [60] x [61] x [62] x [63] x [64] x [65] x [66] x [67] x [68] x [69] x [70] x [71] x [72] x [73] x [42] x [74] x [75] x [76] x [77] x [78] x [79] x [80] x [46] x [81] x [82] x [13] x…”

Section: Ev Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Environmental Economic Technical [48] x [49] x [50] x [51] x [52] x [53] x Table 4. Focus of EV battery recycling-oriented papers.…”

Section: Authormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of this, several business perspective are proposed in the literature, either under the form of Product-Service Systems (PSSs) [49], dedicated EU regulations [50] or are considered industrial symbiosis [51]. However, the most effective way to manage obsolete EV batteries seems to be a combination of both reuse and recycling practices [52,53].…”

Section: Author Hydrometallurgy Biometallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Structured Literature Review on Obsolete Electric Vehicles Management Practices

D’Adamo

Rosa

2019

Sustainability

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The use of electricity for transportation needs offers the chance to replace fossil fuels with greener energy sources. Potentially, coupling sustainable transports with Renewable Energies (RE) could reduce significantly both Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and the dependency on oil imports. However, the expected growth rate of Electric Vehicles (EVs) could become also a potential risk for the environment if recycling processes will continue to function in the current way. To this aim, the paper reviews the international literature on obsolete EV management practices, by considering scientific works published from 2000 up to 2019. Results show that the experts have paid great attention to this topic, given both the critical and valuable materials embedded in EVs and their main components (especially traction batteries), by offering interesting potential profits, and identifying the most promising End-of-Life (EoL) strategy for recycling both in technological and environmental terms. However, the economics of EV recycling systems have not yet been well quantified. The intent of this work is to enhance the current literature gaps and to propose future research streams.

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Life‐Cycle Assessment Considerations for Batteries and Battery Materials

Porzio

Scown

2021

Advanced Energy Materials

160

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Rechargeable batteries are necessary for the decarbonization of the energy systems, but life‐cycle environmental impact assessments have not achieved consensus on the environmental impacts of producing these batteries. Nonetheless, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool to inform the development of better‐performing batteries with reduced environmental burden. This review explores common practices in lithium‐ion battery LCAs and makes recommendations for how future studies can be more interpretable, representative, and impactful. First, LCAs should focus analyses of resource depletion on long‐term trends toward more energy and resource‐intensive material extraction and processing rather than treating known reserves as a fixed quantity being depleted. Second, future studies should account for extraction and processing operations that deviate from industry best‐practices and may be responsible for an outsized share of sector‐wide impacts, such as artisanal cobalt mining. Third, LCAs should explore at least 2–3 battery manufacturing facility scales to capture size‐ and throughput‐dependent impacts such as dry room conditioning and solvent recovery. Finally, future LCAs must transition away from kg of battery mass as a functional unit and instead make use of kWh of storage capacity and kWh of lifetime energy throughput.

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Life Cycle Assessment of a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Electric Vehicle Battery in Second Life Application Scenarios

Cited by 79 publications

References 30 publications

Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries: An Overview of Recent Literature

Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries: An Overview of Recent Literature

A Structured Literature Review on Obsolete Electric Vehicles Management Practices

Life‐Cycle Assessment Considerations for Batteries and Battery Materials

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