Life cycle assessment of battery electric buses

Ellingsen, Linda Ager‐Wick; Thorne, Rebecca Jayne; Wind, Julia; Figenbaum, Erik; Romare, Mia; Lundmark, Sonja

doi:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103498

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The energy used in operation represents more than 99% of the emissions of the aircraft and the impacts associated with the manufacturing are negligeable [29,30]. We, therefore, consider all VTOL architectures to be equal and do not take into consideration the environmental impact, nor the CAPEX, associated with the various aircraft configurations with the exception of the battery pack as battery manufacturing has a significative impact on the lifetime costs and CO 2 emissions of a vehicle [31]. The hypothesis for battery manufacturing is a GHG of 72.9 kg CO 2 per kWh of battery, cell and battery management system included [32].…”

Section: Life Cycle Assessment (Lca)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Comparison of Low-Carbon Energy Carriers Based on Electricity for Air Mobility

Jarin,

Beddok,

Haritchabalet

2024

Energies

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The decarbonization of air mobility requires the decarbonization of its energy. While biofuels will play an important role, other low-carbon energy carriers based on electricity are considered, such as battery electrification and liquid hydrogen (LH2) or eFuel, a hydrogen-based energy carrier. Each energy carrier has its own conversion steps and losses and its own integration effects with aircraft. These combinations lead to different energy requirements and must be understood in order to compare their cost and CO2 emissions. Since they are all electricity-based, this study compares these energy carriers using the well-to-rotor methodology when applied to a standard vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) air mobility mission. This novel approach allows one to understand that the choice of energy carrier dictates the propulsive system architecture, leading to integration effects with aircraft, which can significantly change the energy required for the same mission, increasing it from 400 to 2665 kWh. These deviations led to significant differences in CO2 emissions and costs. Battery electrification is impacted by battery manufacturing but has the lowest electricity consumption. This is an optimum solution, but only until the battery weight can be lifted. In all scenarios, eFuel is more efficient than LH2. We conclude that using the most efficient molecule in an aircraft can compensate for the extra energy cost spent on the ground. Finally, we found that, for each of these energy carriers, it is the electricity carbon intensity and price which will dictate the cost and CO2 emissions of an air mobility mission.

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Section: Life Cycle Assessment (Lca)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Comparison of Low-Carbon Energy Carriers Based on Electricity for Air Mobility

Jarin,

Beddok,

Haritchabalet

2024

Energies

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“…Even though the use of grey ammonia (H2 production from methane through the steam methane reforming process) shows a comparable impact to diesel and gasoline fuelled cars. As supported by the research on the environmental friendliness of ammonia as an energy carrier in other systems [12,13,20,21], ammonia must be produced from renewable resources to provide environmental benefits compared to traditional fossil-based energy carriers. It is noticeable that using blends (between 40-60% of ammonia with diesel [8]) with fossil fuel in ICEV, as long as the ammonia is produced from renewable energy, results in comparable values with the use of ammonia alone in terms of carbon footprint.…”

Section: (B) Figure 10: Contribution Analysis For the Impact Category...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent report produced by the Maritime Cleantech Cluster [21] showed that using liquid ammonia in internal combustion engines for maritime purposes can lead to "net zero carbon emissions" in the combustion chamber. However, careful considerations need to be taken to avoid large GHG emissions during the production of the molecule itself, whilst further analyses of other emissions still require investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental assessment of road transport fueled by ammonia from a life cycle perspective

Boero

Mercier

Mounaïm‐Rousselle

et al. 2023

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…For example the ICEV was analyzed by 82 studies, of those, 79 studies determined the usephase emissions, but only 38 the end-of-life emissions, and 80 studies gave a total emission figure. Examples of examined studies can be found in [8], [5] and [1]. The complete list of evaluated LCAs may be forwarded on request.…”

Section: Phev Icev Bev Fcevmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Relevance and Sources for Carbon Footprint Calculation in Powertrain Production

Merschak¹,

Hehenberger²,

Bachler³

et al. 2020

IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology

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The purpose of this work is to point out the importance of the production phase for the carbon footprint calculation of powertrain components and to improve the understanding of necessary data for this calculation. Evaluation of lifecycle assessment data from numerous studies showed, that there is often a shift from the emissions in the use phase to emissions in the production phase, when alternative powertrain concepts are used. Therefore, in this work our focus is on the carbon emissions in the production phase of powertrain components. Data of raw materials used, production processes and supply chains is necessary and the uncertainties associated also have to be considered. At present, there is only little sufficient support for design engineers regarding the collection of relevant data for the carbon footprint calculation of powertrain production. In this work a data structure, which supports the collection of relevant data, including possible data sources, is presented.

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Life cycle assessment of battery electric buses

Cited by 21 publications

References 27 publications

Techno-Economic Comparison of Low-Carbon Energy Carriers Based on Electricity for Air Mobility

Techno-Economic Comparison of Low-Carbon Energy Carriers Based on Electricity for Air Mobility

Environmental assessment of road transport fueled by ammonia from a life cycle perspective

Data Relevance and Sources for Carbon Footprint Calculation in Powertrain Production

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