Life cycle assessment of power batteries used in electric bicycles in China

Liu, Wenqiu; Li, He; Liu, Wei; Cui, Zhaojie

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110596

Cited by 55 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Therefore, the LFP battery is adopted as the representative. Considering that the cycle life of an LFP battery is more than 1000 cycles, there is no replacement of the battery by the end of the BEV life [64,65]. Additionally, the average charge and discharge efficiency of Li-ion batteries of EVs is around 85-95%, thus, the section chooses 90% as the charge and discharge efficiency [65].…”

Section: Vehicle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an LCA study, the functional unit normalizes the database and enables the comparison of several objects [16,64]. Since the function of the vehicle is for passenger transportation, the functional unit adopted by this study is "1 passenger kilometer (pkm)" travelled by the vehicle [16].…”

Section: Functional Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the non-battery parts, the metals are recycled, while the non-metallic materials such as plastic and glass are landfilled or burnt as waste based on the recycling method widely used in Chinese domestic dismantling enterprises [78]. For the LFP battery, the mainstream recycling technology in China is hydrometallurgical technology, which is used to recover lithium carbonate and iron phosphate [64]. The energy consumption of vehicle recycling phase is given in Table A8.…”

Section: Vehicle Usementioning

confidence: 99%

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Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles Considering the Impact of Electricity Generation Mix: A Case Study in China

Tang

Wang

2022

Atmosphere

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Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are considered to have higher energy efficiency and advantages to better control CO2 emissions compared to Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs). However, in the context that a large amount of thermal power is still used in developing countries, the CO2 emission reduction effectiveness of BEVs can be weakened or even counterproductive. To reveal the impact of the electricity generation mix on carbon emissions from vehicles, this paper compares the life cycle carbon emissions of BEVs with ICEVs considering the regional disparity of electricity generation mix in China. According to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis and regional electricity carbon intensity, this study demonstrates that BEVs in the region with high penetration of thermal power produce more CO2 emissions, while BEVs in the region with higher penetration of renewable energy have better environmental performance in carbon emission reduction. For instance, in the region with over 50%penetration of renewable energy, a BEV can reduce more CO2 (18.32 t) compared to an ICEV. Therefore, the regions with high carbon emissions from vehicles need to increase the proportion of renewable generation as a priority rather than promoting BEVs.

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Section: Vehicle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Functional Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vehicle Usementioning

confidence: 99%

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Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles Considering the Impact of Electricity Generation Mix: A Case Study in China

Tang

Wang

2022

Atmosphere

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“…The batteries themselves could be Li-ion since lead–acid ones are not required for electric bikes, but the life cycle cost will still be a concern ( 31 ). When quantifying the LCA of different battery types, Liu et al confirmed that prolonging the batteries’ lifetime and raising the recycling rates would decrease the environmental impact ( 32 ). Furthermore, it was identified that producing energy from sources that were cleaner than coal was necessary, especially if later, energy is stored in batteries, as is already the case for some electric bikes in China ( 32 ).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Thinking Approach Applied to a Novel Micromobility Vehicle

Calão

Marques

Completo

et al. 2022

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Although the production of cars has high environmental costs, producing and maintaining micromobility vehicles might consume fewer resources. Likewise, replacing the car with active mobility transportation modes would reduce noise and air pollution. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology contributes to the study of such environmentally sustainable solutions. We present a “cradle-to-grave” analysis by tracking activity from the extraction of raw materials until the end of the product’s life. The goal was to carry out an LCA of a novel micromobility vehicle, Ghisallo, from a life cycle thinking perspective. The LCA tool, ITF Good to Go? Assessing the Environmental Performance of New Mobility, developed by the International Transport Forum, was used to model the baseline and alternative scenarios. The vehicle’s materials, primary energy sources for battery charging, use of the vehicle as a shared mobility mode, among other factors, were changed to assess energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the life cycle chain. The LCA results of the baseline scenario for Ghisallo were similar to the values of other micromobility vehicles. Energy consumption (MJ) and GHG emissions (grams of equivalent CO2) per vehicle-kilometer (v-km) were 0.36 MJ/v-km and 29 gCO2eq/v-km, respectively. For this personal mobility vehicle, it was concluded that most GHG emissions were from its production (42% of the total). Air transport from the production to sales sites increased its impact by 10%. We present measures to decrease the energy and GHG emissions impacts of a micromobility device’s life cycle.

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“…[1][2][3] After many years of development, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become increasingly acceptable as the main power source of EVs, given their higher energy density and longer life cycle. [4,5] However, safety aspects have received increasing attention due to possible fire hazards, usually caused by the failure of on-board largecapacity power batteries in the form of thermal runaway (TR). [6][7][8] Generally, TR occurs when the heat generated by exothermic reactions is not offset by the heat losses to the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired Thermal Runaway Retardant Capsules for Improved Safety and Electrochemical Performance in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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Vigorous development of electric vehicles is one way to achieve global carbon reduction goals. However, fires caused by thermal runaway of the power battery has seriously hindered large-scale development. Adding thermal runaway retardants (TRRs) to electrolytes is an effective way to improve battery safety, but it often reduces electrochemical performance. Therefore, it is difficult to apply in practice. TRR encapsulation is inspired by the core-shell structures such as cells, seeds, eggs, and fruits in nature. In these natural products, the shell isolates the core from the outside, and has to break as needed to expose the core, such as in seed germination, chicken hatching, etc. Similarly, TRR encapsulation avoids direct contact between the TRR and the electrolyte, so it does not affect the electrochemical performance of the battery during normal operation. When lithium-ion battery (LIB) thermal runaway occurs, the capsules release TRRs to slow down and even prevent further thermal runaway. This review aims to summarize the fundamentals of bioinspired TRR capsules and highlight recent key progress in LIBs with TRR capsules to improve LIB safety. It is anticipated that this review will inspire further improvement in battery safety, especially for emerging LIBs with high-electrochemical performance.

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Life cycle assessment of power batteries used in electric bicycles in China

Cited by 55 publications

References 27 publications

Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles Considering the Impact of Electricity Generation Mix: A Case Study in China

Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles Considering the Impact of Electricity Generation Mix: A Case Study in China

Life Cycle Thinking Approach Applied to a Novel Micromobility Vehicle

Bioinspired Thermal Runaway Retardant Capsules for Improved Safety and Electrochemical Performance in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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