Life Cycle Assessment of Stationary Storage Systems within the Italian Electric Network

Carvalho, Maria Leonor; Temporelli, Andrea; Girardi, Pierpaolo

doi:10.3390/en14082047

Cited by 30 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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Section: Description Of the Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The LCA inventory data containing the raw material flows for the other batteries used for the calculation of the C-LCC indicator are those used in Carvalho et al [44], which were defined starting from primary production data provided by a battery manufacturer, secondary data from the Ecoinvent database and the available literature [45]. Carvalho et al [44] performed a LCA of Li-ion batteries (lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP), nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) 532, and NMC 622). The functional unit chosen in Carvalho et al [44] was equal to 1 kWh of energy released and all battery life impacts were considered according to a cradle-to-grave perspective: the extraction and processing of raw materials, battery production, battery transport, use phase, end of life phase, and possible material recovery.…”

Section: Description Of the Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carvalho et al [44] performed a LCA of Li-ion batteries (lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP), nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) 532, and NMC 622). The functional unit chosen in Carvalho et al [44] was equal to 1 kWh of energy released and all battery life impacts were considered according to a cradle-to-grave perspective: the extraction and processing of raw materials, battery production, battery transport, use phase, end of life phase, and possible material recovery. The following midpoint indicator characterization factors were taken from the ILCD 2011 Midpoint impact assessment method: climate change; acidification; eutrophication (terrestrial, freshwater, and marine); and mineral, fossil, and renewable resource depletion.…”

Section: Description Of the Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Commodity Life Cycle Costing Indicator. An Economic Measure of Natural Resource Use in the Life Cycle

et al. 2021

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This study defines a methodology for the development of an economic indicator of natural resource use to be applied in the framework of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to integrate the assessment of the environmental performances of products or processes during their life-cycle. The indicator developed-called Commodity Life Cycle Costing (or C-LCC)-is based on market prices, therefore incorporating information from both the demand and supply sides. Monte Carlo analysis is used to take price volatility into account. Alternative versions of the indicator, based on open-source data or calculated considering European Union’s critical raw materials only, are also developed. The study also provides a comparison between the C-LCC indicator and ReCiPe’s Mineral and Fossil Resource Depletion indicators and applies the proposed methodology to several types of batteries for stationary energy storage.

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Section: Description Of the Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Description Of the Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Description Of the Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Commodity Life Cycle Costing Indicator. An Economic Measure of Natural Resource Use in the Life Cycle

et al. 2021

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“…It is necessary to store solar energy in order to increase the efficiency of its use under conditions of randomly changing heat demand. The possibility of heat storage is a key economic aspect of increasing the share of renewable energy sources [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. One way to mitigate the limited possibilities of heat storage is to use the sensible heat and latent heat of water with Energies 2021, 14, 4146 2 of 18 phase change materials (PCMs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of the Use of Phase Change Material in an Evacuated Solar Tube Collector

Jachura

Sekret

2021

Energies

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This paper presents an environmental impact assessment of the entire cycle of existence of the tube-vacuum solar collector prototype. The innovativeness of the solution involved using a phase change material as a heat-storing material, which was placed inside the collector’s tubes-vacuum. The PCM used in this study was paraffin. The system boundaries contained three phases: production, operation (use phase), and disposal. An ecological life cycle assessment was carried out using the SimaPro software. To compare the environmental impact of heat storage, the amount of heat generated for 15 years, starting from the beginning of a solar installation for preparing domestic hot water for a single-family residential building, was considered the functional unit. Assuming comparable production methods for individual elements of the ETC and waste management scenarios, the reduction in harmful effects on the environment by introducing a PCM that stores heat inside the ETC ranges from 17 to 24%. The performed analyses have also shown that the method itself of manufacturing the materials used for the construction of the solar collector and the choice of the scenario of the disposal of waste during decommissioning the solar collector all play an important role in its environmental assessment. With an increase in the application of the advanced technologies of materials manufacturing and an increase in the amount of waste subjected to recycling, the degree of the solar collector’s environmental impact decreased by 82% compared to its standard manufacture and disposal.

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“…A techno-enviro-economic assessment of the PV-and absorption-based cooler is performed using publicly available articles and information [4][5][6][7]. The area of the PV panels is estimated to be 65.5 m 2 , whereas the area of the ETC system is 140 m 2 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Techno-Enviro-Economic Assessment of a Solar Powered Cooler for Cauliflower Storage in Nanded District, India

Díaz¹,

Govande²,

Narwal³

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy Research and Applications (ICAERA'21)

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Independent farmers throughout India grow and sell crops to generate income. However, depending on market conditions, many farmers are forced to either sell their produce at unreasonably low prices, or to allow it to perish. In fact, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that more than 40% of the produce in India is wasted every year, which represents a value of US$14 Billion (12.42 billion euro) annually [1]. These problems associated with fair prices and food wastes could be substantially alleviated if independent farmers in India had access to cold storage. Herein we design and evaluate solar powered coolers for produce storage in India. As a case study we select cauliflower farming in Nanded district, India. Cauliflower is a valuable source of nutrients including protein, vitamin B, vitamin C, and is an important wither vegetable in India.A solar powered cooler is designed to store half of the cauliflower harvested from a land area of 10 acres at a temperature of 10 °C for 20 days. The volume of the cooler required to store the cauliflower is 38.2 m 3 . To estimate the cooling load, the heat of respiration from the cauliflower, the heat of infiltration through the cooler doors, the heat gain through the cooler walls, and the metabolic heat gain from working in the cooler were taken into consideration. The cooling load, including a 20% safety factor, is ~ 6,200kW.Two different options are considered to provide power to meet the required cooling load: an air conditioner equipped with CoolBot Technology [2], powered by photovoltaic (PV) cells, and a solar-powered absorption-based cooling system. The average solar insulation throughout India ranges from 4-7 kWh/m 2 •day, providing 1,500-2,000 hours of sunshine per year. The use of solar energy minimizes greenhouse gas emissions and enables the cooler to be operated in remote locations.

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Life Cycle Assessment of Stationary Storage Systems within the Italian Electric Network

Cited by 30 publications

References 24 publications

The Commodity Life Cycle Costing Indicator. An Economic Measure of Natural Resource Use in the Life Cycle

The Commodity Life Cycle Costing Indicator. An Economic Measure of Natural Resource Use in the Life Cycle

Life Cycle Assessment of the Use of Phase Change Material in an Evacuated Solar Tube Collector

Techno-Enviro-Economic Assessment of a Solar Powered Cooler for Cauliflower Storage in Nanded District, India

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