Life Cycle Assessment of Timber Formwork: Case Study

Krišťák, Ľuboš; Igaz, Rastislav; Brozman, Dušan; Réh, Roman; Šiagiová, Petra; Stebila, Ján; Očkajová, Alena

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1001.155

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Gradually, the production of beech timber was launched (Krišťák et al, 2014). To date, it has been processed primarily to satisfy the needs of the furniture industry.…”

Section: Uvodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Exploitation of Beech Wood by Production of an Atypical Structural Element - a Hollow Wooden Post

Detvaj

Janovčíková

2017

Drvna ind.

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• The aim of the article is to quantify the fi nancial cost of an atypical structural element -a hollow wooden post, and thus determine its market price. This price is subsequently compared to the prices of materials offered by the current market. The calculation of costs is generally defi ned as balancing costs, profi ts, and other variables per a labour unit producing the item. A hollow wooden post is a multi (Detvaj et al., 2008). From the construction point of view, it is an element, which is made by gluing of twelve pieces of trapezoid-cut staves (Holý and Detvaj, 2011). Such a solution saves 13 -15 % of material compared to solid wood posts of the same load-bearing capacity. There are various construction designs of a hollow wooden post. The design depends mainly on the currently available technology, purpose and place of its use. Ultimately, the price is a critical factor determining how and for whom to produce. In general terms, the price of goods and services stems from the development of demand and offer of goods and services on the market (Janok and Oláh, 1996).

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“…Gradually, the production of beech timber was launched (Krišťák et al, 2014). To date, it has been processed primarily to satisfy the needs of the furniture industry.…”

Section: Uvodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Exploitation of Beech Wood by Production of an Atypical Structural Element - a Hollow Wooden Post

Detvaj

Janovčíková

2017

Drvna ind.

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“…Life cycle analysis justifies that mass timber buildings commonly have lower global warming potential and life cycle primary energy than reinforced concrete and steel buildings [2]. Wood products and wooden construction practices (such as timber frames [3], timber formwork [4], and prefabricated timber houses [5]) continuously develop to reduce potential environmental impacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the Building Code Sawn Lumber’s Wet Service Factors (CM) with Four Commercial Wood Species Laboratory Tests

Bahtiar

Denih

Priadi

et al. 2022

Forests

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Indonesian Wooden Building Code (SNI 7973-2013) has adopted the National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction since 2013. A periodic harmonization of the building-code-designated values (i.e., reference design values and adjustment factors) with the experimental data of commercial wood species is necessary. This study aimed to compare the building code’s wet service factors (CM) with the laboratory test of some commercial wood species. Since wood is weaker when its moisture content is high, the wet service factor (CM) must adjust the sawn lumber reference design values if the building serves in wet or aquatic environments. Four commercial wood species, namely pine (Pinus merkusii), agathis (Agathis dammara), red meranti (Shorea leprosula), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), were subjected to mechanical property tests. To calculate the empirical CM values, the mechanical properties tests were conducted on air-dry and wet wood. Instead of testing the full-sized timber, which contains the growth characteristics and defects, this study chose clear-wood specimens to resemble the boundary condition of the ceteris paribus (other things being equal). The wet (water-saturated) specimens were immersed in water for 65 days, and the test was carried out when the specimen was still immersed. The test arrangement imitated the submerged wood as the worst-case scenario of the wet environment where the construction serves, rather than green or partially immersed timber. As many as 40 specimens were tested to compare each mechanical property’s wet service factor; thus, this study reported 200 specimens’ laboratory test results. The empirical CM values to adjust the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, shear strength parallel-to-grain, tensile strength parallel-to-grain, and maximum crushing strength (CM = 0.59, 0.76, 0.65, 0.73, and 0.67, respectively) were significantly lower than SNI 7973-2013 designated values (CM = 0.9, 0.85, 0.97, 1, and 0.8, respectively). The empirical CM for the compression stress perpendicular-to-grain at the proportional limit and that at the 0.04″ deformation (CM = 0.66) were slightly lower than the designated values (CM = 0.67), although they were not significantly different. This study resulted in lower empirical CM values than the designated ones, which found that the building code lacked conservativeness. The lacked conservativeness is mainly attributed to the building code’s recent choices, e.g., (1) the wet service environment basis is the green timber rather than the fully water-saturated one, and (2) the ratio of near minimum (5% lower) distribution value is chosen as the CM value rather than the average of wet timber’s mechanical property divided by the air-dry one. This study proposes changing both recent choices to alternative ones to develop more safe and reliable designated CM values.

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“…In overall consumption, all energy from the production and distribution of materials, construction, and use to the eventual disposal of the building and generated waste must be included [12]. LCA methods can be applied in various scopes, particularly for building materials and their production [25][26][27] or to buildings as a whole [28,29]. Standards of ISO 14040 and 14044 [30,31] define the life cycle stages of buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Passive Wood-Based Building in Slovakia: Exploring the Life Cycle Impact

Vaňová

Igaz

Němec

et al. 2021

Forests

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The aim of the study is to point out the burden of passive wood-based buildings throughout the life cycle from the environmental point of view to better understand the consequences and importance of building design in Slovakia. The analysis was carried out according to the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The results were calculated by the CML-IA baseline method. The impacts of the product stage and operational energy use were the highest throughout the considered life cycle. Substances contributing to eleven impact categories were identified. Foundations, especially foam glass, were found to bear the majority of the impact of the overall construction materials. The normalization category showed considerable impact on marine aquatic ecotoxicity mainly due to building energy consumption over the course of 50 years. Loads connected to the replacement stage were the third highest. The study also proved high demand on elements of photovoltaics.

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Life Cycle Assessment of Timber Formwork: Case Study

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Efficient Exploitation of Beech Wood by Production of an Atypical Structural Element - a Hollow Wooden Post

Efficient Exploitation of Beech Wood by Production of an Atypical Structural Element - a Hollow Wooden Post

Comparing the Building Code Sawn Lumber’s Wet Service Factors (CM) with Four Commercial Wood Species Laboratory Tests

A Passive Wood-Based Building in Slovakia: Exploring the Life Cycle Impact

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