Life cycle assessment on calcium zincate production methods for rechargeable batteries

Arfelis, Sergi; Malpartida, Irene; Lair, Valentin; Caldeira, Vincent; Sazdovski, Ilija; Bala, Alba; Fullana–i–Palmer, Pere

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161094

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The allocation factor was based on the ratio between the flow rate of the CDP and the flow rate of each scenario of the WMP. This method of defining the flow rate has been discussed and implemented in various publications. ,− Another example of a similar approach is the consideration of module D within the EN 15804:2012 + A2:2019 for the inclusion of information beyond the cradle-to-gate scope in construction product LCAs. , These allocation factors are presented in Table for 11 different scenarios defined from the operating ranges presented in Wet milling processsection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 The main advantage of applying mechanochemical or wet milling processes (WMPs) to lignocellulosic materials is the increase of the available surface of fibers (due to size reduction effects) while providing the action of chemical reagents. 21 This operation can not only be conducted in several devices, such as ball mills (planetary or vibrator), attritors, grinders, or highpressure and ultrasonic homogenizers but also in continuous flow millers and extruders. 16 Each piece of equipment will impart specific forces over the lignocellulosic biomass, leading to different process efficiency and product characteristics.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wood Chips Components Separation with a New Wet-Milling Process Compared to Chemical Depolymerization: A Technical, Economic, and Environmental Comparison

Arfelis,

Malpartida,

Bala

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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This article evaluates two processes, wet milling and chemical depolymerization, for the end-of-life of wood waste in terms of environmental performance (ex ante life cycle assessment), energy balance, and economic analysis of the operating costs. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are essential components with numerous applications. The study provides valuable insights for industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers of the wet milling process (WMP), which is scarcely reported in the literature. The chemical depolymerization process (CDP) is discontinuous and more energy-intensive, while the WMP is a continuous reaction demanding milder conditions and shorter times. However, the milling process requires a pretreatment to reduce the wood chip size. Economic analysis shows that the CDP has lower operational costs when considering the average European electricity price in 2019. This is a result of the price differences between steam and electricity. For lower electricity prices such as in France or using utility-scale solar photovoltaics, the WMP has lower operational costs. The WMP also outperforms the CDP in most environmental indicators, such as global warming potential, particularly when using green electricity technologies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood Chips Components Separation with a New Wet-Milling Process Compared to Chemical Depolymerization: A Technical, Economic, and Environmental Comparison

Arfelis,

Malpartida,

Bala

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

Self Cite

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“…It also assessed the potential for greenhouse gas abatement and cost savings for large-scale production given U.S. demand for the API. More recently, Arfelis et al 28 used LCA to compare calcium zincate production via ball milling as a pretreatment stage to reaction (in solution) with hydrothermal processing and found reductions in energy consumption and environmental and human health impacts. While both examples demonstrate the promise of using mechanochemistry as a means of reducing environmental impact when manufacturing major chemical and mineral commodities compared to thermal and solvent-batch chemical processing, they are only two examples among multiple chemical, material, and pharmaceutical processing methods.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LCA as a Tool to Detect Environmental “Hot Spots” in Early-Stage Mechanochemical Synthesis of Organic Dyes

Galant,

Aborome,

McCalmont

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Mechanochemical methods are currently under investigation as alternative approaches to conventional solvent-batch synthetic chemistry. Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) is needed to evaluate and compare chemical products made through mechanochemical processes with those from conventional production routes, using “cradle-to-gate” system boundaries. However, chemical supply chains involved in product manufacturing are often unknown, and synthesis tracing of these chemicals is needed to create life cycle environmental profiles. Herein, we trace the synthesis of the chemicals required to produce Pigment Black 31, a perylene diimide (PDI) organic dye, based on two main principles: maximum reaction yield and minimum synthetic steps. This approach facilitates comparing the environmental life cycle impact of producing Pigment Black 31 via twin-screw extrusion (TSE) with a conventional solvent-batch process, wherein similar reactants are used in both systems. The production of Pigment Black 31 via the TSE process affords a roughly order-of-magnitude reduction across global warming and human and ecological health life cycle environmental impacts following ReCiPe 2016 methods, mainly due to solvent reduction and elimination compared with production via the solvent-batch process. Interestingly, this reduction is found despite the need for a methanol extraction step in the purification of Pigment Black 31 made by TSE. We conclude that while LCA data sets may not be available for other organic dyes produced similarly through TSE processes, the life cycle environmental impacts for Pigment Black 31 can be used to approximate those of similar organic dyes, such as Pigment Black 32.

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Flow Semi-continuous Mechanochemistry as a Versatile and Efficient Tool for the Synthesis of Hydrocalumite and the Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose

Pérez-Merchán,

Moreno-Tost,

Malpartida

et al. 2024

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Life cycle assessment on calcium zincate production methods for rechargeable batteries

Cited by 6 publications

References 31 publications

Wood Chips Components Separation with a New Wet-Milling Process Compared to Chemical Depolymerization: A Technical, Economic, and Environmental Comparison

Wood Chips Components Separation with a New Wet-Milling Process Compared to Chemical Depolymerization: A Technical, Economic, and Environmental Comparison

LCA as a Tool to Detect Environmental “Hot Spots” in Early-Stage Mechanochemical Synthesis of Organic Dyes

Flow Semi-continuous Mechanochemistry as a Versatile and Efficient Tool for the Synthesis of Hydrocalumite and the Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose

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