Life cycle benefits of enzymatic biodiesel co-produced in palm oil mills from sludge palm oil as renewable fuel for rural electrification

Gourich, Wail; Chan, Eng Seng; Ng, Wei Zhe; Obon, Aaron Anthony; Maran, Kireshwen; Ong, Yi Hui; Lee, Chin Loong; Tan, Jully; Song, Cher Pin

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119928

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…This basic economic analysis underscores the feasibility of incorporating DBCARB into enzymatic hydrolysis reactions, emphasizing the importance of balancing the amount of DBCARB added and reducing reaction time to enhance productivity. Moreover, the overall economic viability of the process can be further enhanced by considering DBCARB recycling, the sale of the glycerol byproduct and using second-generation oil feedstocks such as sludge palm oil …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Ng,

Chan,

Tan

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The enzymatic hydrolysis of vegetable oil is hindered by the prolonged duration required for reaction completion. This study aimed to address this concern by employing low-cost CO 2based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids (ILs) as additives. First, the verification of the successful synthesis of these ILs was attained through FTIR spectra analysis, revealing distinct C−O stretching peaks at 1,408 and 1,621 cm −1 . Furthermore, the addition of carbamate ILs did not cause enzyme denaturation, as proven by the preservation of the native beta-sheet assignment within the lipase structure. The carbamate ILs also raised the enzyme's negative zeta potential and reduced the chances of aggregation. Among the carbamate ILs investigated, bis(2-ethylhexyl)-ammonium bis(2ethylhexyl)carbamate (DBCARB) was determined to be the most effective, owing to its hydrophobic properties and ability to optimize pH levels and expose the enzyme's active site to the outer surface. Through purification, 8 wt % DBCARB reached a near-optimal equilibrium free fatty acid yield (∼95 wt %) within 8 h with only 0.2 wt % lipase, signifying a notable enhancement compared to the 120 h required in the absence of DBCARB. These results highlight the potential of DBCARB in enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis and shortening reaction times.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Ng,

Chan,

Tan

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Palm oil biodiesel has been discussed from various perspectives. Since it is an alternative fuel to fossil fuels, first of all, its renewable fuel characteristic is emphasized [11][12][13]. Biodiesel provides almost the same functionality as fossil fuels, but it is more environmentally friendly since it is easily biodegradable and a nontoxic alternative fuel [14].…”

Section: Palm Oil Biodiesel Market Dynamics and The Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

The Green Mirage: The EU’s Complex Relationship with Palm Oil Biodiesel in the Context of Environmental Narratives and Global Trade Dynamics

Waters,

Altiparmak,

Shutters

et al. 2024

Energies

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In the early 2000s, biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol were seen as renewable alternatives to petroleum, driven by rising crude oil prices and environmental concerns. Palm oil became a key biodiesel raw material, turning the European Union (EU) into a major importer. However, sustainable palm oil concerns emerged in the EU in 2014, leading to trade disputes and import restrictions, with a goal to phase out palm oil biodiesel by 2030. This research explores the EU’s palm oil biodiesel policy impact, focusing on key producers, EU imports (crude and refined palm oil, biodiesel), the EU’s role in the global biodiesel network, and alignment with a green narrative. Analyzing trade data, we find that, despite concerns, the EU has not significantly reduced palm oil-related imports, highlighting the market’s complex relationship to policy. This suggests that the EU’s commitment to environmentally sustainable economic development may not align with market stakeholders’ preferences, emphasizing the complex interdependencies between the global biodiesel market and policy areas like sustainability, economy, energy, and environment.

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“…The definition of system boundary is important, which determines the activities to be included, and thus significantly affects the LCA results. Typically, the life cycle refers to the whole process of an object from birth to death, named “cradle to grave” [ 29 ]. To be more comprehensive, a closed-loop life cycle named “cradle to cradle” can be defined by involving the recycling benefits [ 30 ].…”

Section: Definition Of Building Life-cycle Carbon Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decarbonization potentials of the embodied energy use and operational process in buildings: A review from the life-cycle perspective

Liang,

Li,

Liu

et al. 2023

Heliyon

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Life cycle benefits of enzymatic biodiesel co-produced in palm oil mills from sludge palm oil as renewable fuel for rural electrification

Cited by 18 publications

References 59 publications

Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

The Green Mirage: The EU’s Complex Relationship with Palm Oil Biodiesel in the Context of Environmental Narratives and Global Trade Dynamics

Decarbonization potentials of the embodied energy use and operational process in buildings: A review from the life-cycle perspective

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Life cycle benefits of enzymatic biodiesel co-produced in palm oil mills from sludge palm oil as renewable fuel for rural electrification

Cited by 18 publications

References 59 publications

Low-Cost CO2-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Low-Cost CO2-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

The Green Mirage: The EU’s Complex Relationship with Palm Oil Biodiesel in the Context of Environmental Narratives and Global Trade Dynamics

Decarbonization potentials of the embodied energy use and operational process in buildings: A review from the life-cycle perspective

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Product

Resources

About

Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis