Life-cycle cost assessment of alternative marine fuels to reduce the carbon footprint in short-sea shipping: A case study of Croatia

Analysis of environmental footprint of a fishing trawler with overview of emission reduction technologies

“…The LCA is performed by means of GREET 2021 software [8] [6]. As presented in [9], the emissions can be analysed in three phases:…”

“…These emissions contribute to the Carbon Footprint (CF) of a diesel-powered system. The CF represents a relative measure of the total amount of CO 2 or CO 2-eq emissions caused by indirect or direct activity or is accumulated over the life cycle of a product [9]. The phases are presented in Fig.…”

“…The first step of the analysis is calculating the annual energy consumption by dividing the annual fuel consumption (FC) by the specific fuel consumption (SFC). The SFC is considered to be 0.215 kg/kWh [9]. The tailpipe emissions (TE) are calculated by multiplying the annual fuel consumption (FC) with the emissions factors (EF).…”

Primer on the Cost of Marine Fuels Compliant with IMO 2020 Rule

“…Though hydrogen can be used in gas turbines and internal combustion engines, the efficiency is low. It is more suitable for use in a fuel cell due to its electrochemical kinetics (Perčić et al, 2020). A key barrier to the use of hydrogen as marine fuel is its very low volumetric energy density (energy per unit volume) and resulting special, typically high-pressure, storage requirements.…”

Customer demand-driven low-carbon vehicles combined strategy and route optimisation integrated decision

“…After the allocated carbon allowance is exceeded, the company needs to buy carbon allowances in the carbon trading market. The additional cost of carbon emissions becomes the operating cost of the company 20 . If the annual carbon allowance is not used up, the company could put the remaining carbon allowance into the carbon trading market for sale to obtain profit.…”