Life-cycle cost assessments of different power system configurations to reduce the carbon footprint in the Croatian short-sea shipping sector

Construction of Low-Carbon Ferry—A Case of Jingning, China

“…Moreover, shore power is an efficient way to provide energy for ferryboats and reduce carbon emissions. However, electric ferryboats have a high cost, short endurance, small battery capacity, power source degradation, and charging difficulty problems [ 21 ]. As the shipping routes in Jingning County are relatively short and the endurance requirements are low, establishing several shore-side charging stations can overcome the charging problems.…”

Towards environmentally friendly short-sea transportation via integration of renewable energy sources in the ship power systems

“…For the considered ship, the available area is estimated at around 900 m 2 . Besides A, the power output of a PV system (PPV) depends on its efficiency (η) (17% [11]), and on solar irradiation (Erad), which its annual average value for the area of navigation and the horizontally placed PV cells is equal to 5,557 MJ/m 2 [14]. The PPV is calculated as follows:…”

“…The WTP emissions related to the electricity part of the power system considers emissions released from the process of the Croatian electricity generation, Fig The only input for the environmental assessment of the power system's main elements (diesel generator/engine, electric engine, battery and PV system), is the weight of the materials from which these elements are constituted. The weight of the diesel generator/engine, electric engine and the battery are calculated as described in [18], while the calculation of the PV system's weight is presented in [11]. In the scenario when only diesel is used, it is assumed that the diesel engine is introduced into the power system instead of the diesel generator.…”

“…[10]. A detailed review on alternative power system configurations is presented by Perčić et al in [11]. Full electrification of a ship represents a viable solution for future shipping due to commercially available technology and the absence of exhaust gases.…”

“…The performed analysis of annual tailpipe emissions (CO2, SOX, NOX and PM) of the complete Croatian fleet is done, where the ship with average annual tailpipe emissions is identified and adopted for further analysis. Perčić et al [11] already performed Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life-Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA) of the PV cells-battery-powered ship in comparison to the diesel engine-powered ship and concluded that the alternative is a better solution from the environmental and economical point of view. However, they focused on the fully electric ship, while in this paper, a combination of a diesel generator and implementation of a RES in a battery system is considered.…”