Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of the Wood Pallet Repair Process in the United States

Park, Jonghun; Horváth, László; Bush, Robert J.

doi:10.1111/jiec.12652

Cited by 15 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Deformation during production, high repair intensity, or damaged wood may result in weaknesses that lower the overall carrying capacity. Several studies [6,14,[22][23][24] performed their research using a single pallet as the functional unit. In this case, studies should clearly indicate the carrying capacity of the pallets, as well as their expected number of cycles.…”

Section: Functional Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the studies [26][27][28][29] also studied the impact of the various handling and loading conditions on the results, which occur through altering the need for repair and changes in the number of cycles in their service life. In two studies [6,27] the impact of pallet manufacturing was left outside the system boundaries due to the specific impact of those studies on the repair strategies of the pallets.…”

Section: System Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many studies [6,14,18,19,22,28,30], primary and site-specific data were used to model the process of pallet manufacturing, as well as data on the consumption of raw materials and energy. In some other studies, combinations of primary and secondary data were used.…”

Section: Life Cycle Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15Block 13Single-use 7Plastic 81200 × 800 mm/ 47.2 × 31.5 in. 8Stringer 7Buy/sell (6) Composite 11200 × 1000 mm/ 47.2 × 39.4 in. 9Nestable 2Pooled 22Cardboard 2Other/N.m.…”

Section: Pallets Studiedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wooden and Plastic Pallets: A Review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Studies

et al. 2019

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Pallets are the tiny cogs in the machine that drive transportation in the global economy. The profusion of pallets in today’s supply chain warrants the investigation and discussion of their respective environmental impacts. This paper reviews the life cycle assessment studies analyzing the environmental impacts of pallets with the intent of providing insights into the methodological choices made, as well as compiling the inventory data from the studies reviewed. The study is a meta-analysis of eleven scientific articles, two conference articles, two peer-reviewed reports, and one thesis. The review was implemented to identify the key methodological choices made in those studies, such as their goals, functional units, system boundaries, inventory data, life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) procedures, and results. The 16 studies reviewed cumulatively analyzed 43 pallets. Mostly pooled (n = 22/43), block-type (n = 13/43), and wooden (n = 32/43) pallets with dimensions of 1219 mm × 1016 mm or 48 in. × 40 in. (n = 15/43) were studied. Most of the studies represented pallet markets in the United States (n = 9/16). Load-based (e.g., 1000 kg of products delivered), trip-based (e.g., 1000 trips), and pallet-based (e.g., one pallet) functional units were declared. A trip-based functional unit seems the most appropriate for accounting of the function of the pallets, as its purpose is to carry goods and facilitate the transportation of cargo. A significant amount of primary inventory data on the production and repair of wooden and plastic pallets are available, yet there are significant variations in the data. Data on pallets made of wood–polymer composites was largely missing.

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Section: Functional Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: System Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Life Cycle Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15Block 13Single-use 7Plastic 81200 × 800 mm/ 47.2 × 31.5 in. 8Stringer 7Buy/sell (6) Composite 11200 × 1000 mm/ 47.2 × 39.4 in. 9Nestable 2Pooled 22Cardboard 2Other/N.m.…”

Section: Pallets Studiedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wooden and Plastic Pallets: A Review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Studies

et al. 2019

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“…NPPOs also need to regulate more closely the informal repair facilities and adopt best-practices found in developed economies (where old marks on repaired pallets need to be covered in paint, and only then the 'new' mark is applied to the treated repaired WPM, see Park, Horvath, & Bush, 2018).…”

Section: Mark Features and Its Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Policy Study on the Implementation Challenges of Phytosanitary Standards: The Case of ISPM 15 in Botswana, Cameroon, Kenya, and Mozambique

Papyrakis

Tasciotti

2019

The Journal of Environment & Development

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The rise in international trade in recent decades has been accompanied by an increase in the movement of wood packaging materials. Recognizing the associated threat of cross-border pest movement, the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, the governing body of the International Plant Protection Convention, adopted the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 15 (Guidelines for regulating wood packaging material in international trade) for the treatment of wood packaging materials (ISPM 15). The objective of this paper is to raise awareness on the challenges four sub-Saharan countries-Botswana, Cameroon, Kenya and Mozambique-are facing when it comes to implementation. During extensive fieldwork, we conducted interviews with key stakeholders to understand their role in the setup and implementation of the standard, as well as their perceptions on relevant challenges. Addressing these challenges is vital for achieving compliance and removing associated institutional and economic barriers. The paper can assist policy-makers and academics to design future policies that tackle implementation problems, especially in the context of developing countries.

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Life cycle assessment of the wood pallet repair and remanufacturing sector in the United States

Alanya-Rosenbaum

Bergman

Gething³

et al. 2022

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Wood pallets are ubiquitous products that can be recovered and reused to enhance their service life and environmental performance. Repair/remanufacturing has an important role in extending the service life of the wood pallet. To quantify environmental performances of wood pallet reuse, this study developed representative life cycle inventory data for pallet repair/remanufacturing in the United States based on comprehensive industry‐wide production data for 2018. A gate‐to‐gate life cycle assessment covering raw material supply, raw material transportation and pallet repair/remanufacturing showed that repair/remanufacturing often had the highest impacts, including primary energy consumption at 5.09 MJ and global warming impact at 0.355 kg CO2 eq per repaired/remanufactured pallet. Electricity consumed onsite followed by nail input and the fuel used by forklifts during the manufacturing drove much of the impacts on the environment. The results of this study provide valuable information on the repair/remanufacturing impacts, allowing quantification and evaluation of the recovery stage on the overall environmental performance of wood pallets. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of the Wood Pallet Repair Process in the United States

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Wooden and Plastic Pallets: A Review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Studies

Wooden and Plastic Pallets: A Review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Studies

A Policy Study on the Implementation Challenges of Phytosanitary Standards: The Case of ISPM 15 in Botswana, Cameroon, Kenya, and Mozambique

Life cycle assessment of the wood pallet repair and remanufacturing sector in the United States

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