Life Cycle Management Tools for Synchrophasor Systems: Why We Need Them and What They Should Entail

Electric Power Grid Resilience to Cyber Adversaries: State of the Art

“…The critical equipment and systems which can be mainly affected or exploited during an attack are in the energy management systems (EMS) in transmission networks or distribution management systems (DMS) in distribution networks. Such platforms collect data from remote and distributed meters and sensors across the network and generate estimates of the system states at the intervals of roughly 15 minutes [46]- [51], [53], [55]. When false meter data is injected through a cyber attack, the EMS or DMS functions at the control center will be misled by the state estimators which may potentially make erroneous decisions on contin- gency analysis, power dispatch, and even billing actions [14].…”

“…The smart grid offers synchrophasor-based cyber security, which entails a CPS system that provides real-time data to the EMS in order to manage (monitor and control) the physical network [58]- [61]. However, the latest synchrophasor devices, e.g., phasor measurement units (PMUs), as well as digital fault records (DFRs) and protective relays with PMU functionality are susceptible to a wide range of errors [53], [60] including cyber attacks; this is even further challenging considering the fact that such equipment are intertwined with a large number of legacy devices that have little or no protection against cyber attacks [62]. In [34], the CPS security is analyzed where a deception attack compromises sensors, actuators and both sensors and actuators.…”

“…Limitations by a lack of information about cyber attacks can be partially removed by future research and development of the advanced testbeds for comprehensive testing and evaluations. Test beds are extremely useful tools for thorough evaluation of mitigation and economic strategies in response to cyber vulnerabilities [46], [53], [64].…”

Review of Approaches for Using Synchrophasor Data for Real-Time Wide-Area Control

“…Research work has highlighted the challenges associated with: measurement quality, which is very important for distribution system applications of PMUs; PMU data quality; PMU timing accuracy [10]; real-time supervisory assessment of multiple PMU data streams [11]; and latency [12]. The importance of rigorous testing of PMU-based systems is strongly emphasized in [13] and analysis of the large-scale PMU data quality issues is given in [14].…”