Life Cycle Modelling of Extraction and Processing of Battery Minerals—A Parametric Approach

Manjong, Nelson Bunyui; Usai, Lorenzo; Burheim, Odne Stokke; Strømman, Anders Hammer

doi:10.3390/batteries7030057

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…In addition, to harvest the highest emissions reduction potential it is essential to ensure that all these activities are performed in the most environmentally sound way. While the last stage of the battery production value chain could be rather straightforward to decarbonize due to the possibility of producing the cells with renewable energy sources, there are significantly more challenges related to the value chain of the primary materials used in LIBs, as the impact across the value chains is affected by several parameters [97].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Li-ion battery industry in light of the global transition to electric passenger light duty vehicles until 2050

Usai¹,

Lamb²,

Hertwich³

et al. 2022

Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain.

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The decarbonization of the transport sector requires a rapid expansion of global battery production and an adequate supply with raw materials currently produced in small volumes. We investigate whether battery production can be a bottleneck in the expansion of electric vehicles and specify the investment in capital and skills required to manage the transition. This may require a battery production rate in the range of 4–12 TWh/year, which entails the use of 19–50 Mt/year of materials. Strengthening the battery value chain requires a global effort in many sectors of the economy that will need to grow according to the battery demand, to avoid bottlenecks along the supply chains. Significant investment for the establishment of production facilities (150–300 billion USD in the next 30 years) and the employment of a large global workforce (400k–1 million) with specific knowledge and skillset are essential. However, the employment and investment required are uncertain given the relatively early development stage of the sector, the continuous advancements in the technology and the wide range of possible future demand. Finally, the deployment of novel battery technologies that are still in the development stage could reduce the demand for critical raw materials and require the partial or total redesign of production and recycling facilities affecting the investment needed for each factory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Li-ion battery industry in light of the global transition to electric passenger light duty vehicles until 2050

Usai¹,

Lamb²,

Hertwich³

et al. 2022

Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain.

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“…60–80% of synthetic graphite consumed in the U.S. was produced domestically . However, higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions ,, and higher costs of synthetic graphite compared to natural graphite inhibit its competitive advantages. In addition, because it has high porosity, synthetic graphite is not suitable for refractories and foundries .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphite Flows in the U.S.: Insights into a Key Ingredient of Energy Transition

Zhang

Liang

Dunn

2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Demand for graphite will grow with expanding use of lithium-ion batteries in the United States. Much graphite is imported, raising supply chain risks. It is therefore imperative to characterize graphite's sources and sinks. Accordingly, we present the first material flow analysis for natural and synthetic graphite in the U.S. The analysis (for 2018) begins with processed graphite trade and includes graphite production, graphite product trade, manufacturing of end products, end product use, and waste management. It considers 11 end-use applications for graphite, two waste management stages, and three recycling pathways. In 2018, 354 thousand tonnes (kt) of processed graphite were consumed in the U.S., including 60 kt natural graphite and 294 kt synthetic graphite. 145 kt of graphite were traded. Refractories and foundries consumed 56% of natural graphite; 42% of synthetic graphite went into making graphite electrodes. Batteries accounted for 10 and 5% of natural and synthetic graphite consumption, respectively; 78% of total graphite used dissipated into the environment; 22% reached the waste disposal stage of which 71% was landfilled and 29% was recycled; and 59 kt of graphite accumulated in in-use stocks. Recycling more graphite and producing graphite from lignin would favorably influence today's supply chain.

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“…The results convey insights into how changes in the lever settings yield variations in the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the raw materials leading towards a more reliable LCA of LIBs. 42 The studies published by Ellingsen et al 43 and Crenna et al 44 compare LCIs of LIBs and identify key assumptions and differences in existing LCA studies to enhance transparency in the underlying assumptions and results obtained. To reduce the previous ranges of 50-500 kg CO 2 eq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results show that the environmental impacts of LIBs are dependent on where in the world the battery is produced and where the materials are sourced. The study of Manjong et al 42 also identifies the sources of variabilities (levers) by disaggregating the value chains of six raw battery materials (aluminium, copper, graphite, lithium carbonate, manganese, and nickel). The results convey insights into how changes in the lever settings yield variations in the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the raw materials leading towards a more reliable LCA of LIBs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxide ceramic electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries – cost-cutting cell design and environmental impact

et al. 2023

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Life Cycle Modelling of Extraction and Processing of Battery Minerals—A Parametric Approach

Cited by 34 publications

References 70 publications

Analysis of the Li-ion battery industry in light of the global transition to electric passenger light duty vehicles until 2050

Analysis of the Li-ion battery industry in light of the global transition to electric passenger light duty vehicles until 2050

Graphite Flows in the U.S.: Insights into a Key Ingredient of Energy Transition

Oxide ceramic electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries – cost-cutting cell design and environmental impact

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