“…The environmental filtering by the dry phase favours species that have developed specific life history adaptations, such as annualism (Nielsen, Hillman, Smith, & Shiel, 2002; Ruetz, Trexler, Jordan, Loftus, & Perry, 2005; Wellborn, Skelly, & Werner, 1996), as with the annual fish of the family Rivulidae (Costa, 2002). Annual fish are unique in their ability to survive in temporary wetlands; they have short, seasonal life cycles, laying eggs that lie dormant in the soil (diapause stages) once the pools have evaporated and then resume development and hatch when the water returns (Costa, 2002, Berois, Arezo, Papa & Chalar, 2015, Volcan & Lanés, 2018). Often several annual fish species coexist in a single wetland, despite the small size and low complexity of the ephemeral environments, suggesting elaborate ecological relationships between species to avoid competition (Costa, 2009; Volcan, Gonçalves, & Guadagnin, 2019).…”