Life-History Consequences of Divergent Selection on Egg Size in Drosophila melanogaster

Schwarzkopf,; Blows,; Caley,

doi:10.2307/2463655

Cited by 21 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…The list of candidate genes identified by Jha and colleagues promises to lay the foundation for further studies that can elucidate the genetic basis of egg-size variation in D. melanogaster. Schwarzkopf et al (1999) selected D. melanogaster for large and small egg size relative to female body size, and found that egg size responded strongly in both directions. Surprisingly, a negative correlation between absolute egg size and fecundity was observed in the large-egg selected line but not in the small-selected lines or the control (without selection).…”

Section: Genetic Controls On Offspring Size and Fecundity In Animals:mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent decades, a few comprehensive reviews have evaluated the differences in seed size in the context of variation (a) within species , (b) amongst plant functional groups (Westoby et al, 1992;Coomes and Grubb, 2003), (c) in the productivity of crop plants (Sadras, 2007), (d) in mechanisms of dormancy and germination (Rees, 1996;Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger, 2006), and the consequences of these differences for the evolution and diversification of seed plants (Leishman et al, 2000;Moles et al, 2005;Linkies et al, 2010). Similarly, among animals, a negative correlation between offspring size and number (fecundity) is widespread across evolutionary scales-(a) within individuals, (b) among individuals of a population, (c) across populations, and (d) across species and higher-level taxonomic groups-thus there is robust evidence for a tradeoff between offspring size and number (Lawlor, 1976;Berrigan, 1991;Sinervo and Licht, 1991;Roff, 1992;Stearns, 1992;Clarke, 1993;Carrière and Roff, 1995;Mckee and Ebert, 1996;Guntrip et al, 1997;Schwarzkopf et al, 1999;Ernsting and Isaaks, 2000;Fox and Czesak, 2000;García-Barros, 2000a,b;Fischer and Fiedler, 2001;Kolm et al, 2006b). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant and Animal Reproductive Strategies: Lessons from Offspring Size and Number Tradeoffs

Dani

Kodandaramaiah

2017

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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The tradeoff between offspring size and number is ubiquitous and manifestly similar in plants and animals despite fundamental differences between the evolutionary histories of these two major life forms. Fecundity (offspring number) primarily affects parental fitness, while offspring size underpins the fitness of parents and offspring. We provide an overview of theoretical models dealing with offspring size and fitness relationships. We follow that with a detailed examination of life-history constraints and environmental effects on offspring size and number, separately in plants and animals. The emphasis is on seed plants, but we endeavor to also summarize information from distinct animal groups-insects, fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Furthermore, we analyse genetic controls on offspring size and number in two model organisms-Arabidopsis and Drosophila. Despite the deep evolutionary divergence between plants and animals, we find four trends in reproductive strategy that are common to both lineages: (i) offspring size is generally less variable than offspring number, (ii) offspring size increases with increasing parent body size, (iii) maternal genes restrict offspring size and increase offspring numbers, while zygotic genes act to increase offspring size; such parent-offspring conflicts are enhanced when there is sibling rivalry, and (iv) variation in offspring size increases under sub-optimal (harsh) environmental conditions. The most salient difference between plants and animals is that the latter tend to produce larger (fewer) offspring under sub-optimal conditions while seed plants invest in smaller (many) seeds, suggesting that maternal genetic control over offspring size increases in plants but decreases in animals with parental care. The time is ripe for greater experimental exploration of genetic controls on reproductive allocation and parent-offspring conflicts in plants and animals under sub-optimal (harsh) environments.

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Section: Genetic Controls On Offspring Size and Fecundity In Animals:mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant and Animal Reproductive Strategies: Lessons from Offspring Size and Number Tradeoffs

Dani

Kodandaramaiah

2017

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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“…Likewise in D. melanogaster , artificial selection for larger eggs reduces female fecundity (Schwarzkopf et al. 1999). Larger egg size within this species has been associated with larger hatching larvae and faster developmental rate, but not with adult body size (Azevedo et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life history evolution and cellular mechanisms associated with increased size in high‐altitude Drosophila

Lack

Yassin

Sprengelmeyer

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Understanding the physiological and genetic basis of growth and body size variation has wide‐ranging implications, from cancer and metabolic disease to the genetics of complex traits. We examined the evolution of body and wing size in high‐altitude Drosophila melanogaster from Ethiopia, flies with larger size than any previously known population. Specifically, we sought to identify life history characteristics and cellular mechanisms that may have facilitated size evolution. We found that the large‐bodied Ethiopian flies laid significantly fewer but larger eggs relative to lowland, smaller‐bodied Zambian flies. The highland flies were found to achieve larger size in a similar developmental period, potentially aided by a reproductive strategy favoring greater provisioning of fewer offspring. At the cellular level, cell proliferation was a strong contributor to wing size evolution, but both thorax and wing size increases involved important changes in cell size. Nuclear size measurements were consistent with elevated somatic ploidy as an important mechanism of body size evolution. We discuss the significance of these results for the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in body and wing size in Ethiopian D. melanogaster.

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“…However, much less attention has been paid to the underlying genetic relationship. The few studies available on this subject have not yielded conclusive evidence because the expected trade‐off could at least sometimes not be verified (Schwarzkopf, Blows & Caley, 1999; Fischer et al ., 2006), or its magnitude strongly depended on environmental conditions (Czesak & Fox, 2003). One reason for expected trade‐offs being obscured may be due to variation in total reproductive effort among females, either through variation in the amount of stored resources or through variation in availability and/or acquisition of current feeding (Van Noordwijk & De Jong, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, the evolution of offspring size and number and the evolution of total reproductive effort have been explored as separate problems (Smith & Fretwell, 1974; Begon & Parker, 1986; McGinley, Temme & Geber, 1987). The fundamental idea of an independent optimization of offspring size and total reproductive effort in a two‐step process, however, with the decision about optimal reproductive effort being followed by the decision about the optimal partitioning of that investment into few large vs. many small offspring, has been questioned (Winkler & Wallin, 1987; Sinervo et al ., 1992; Bernardo, 1996; Schwarzkopf et al ., 1999; Einum & Fleming, 2000; Caley, Schwarzkopf & Shine, 2001; Czesak & Fox, 2003). At least one model predicts an evolutionary link between both traits (Winkler & Wallin, 1987), and there is some limited support for this notion (Schwarzkopf et al ., 1999; Caley et al ., 2001; Czesak & Fox, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetics of reproduction: consequences of divergent selection on egg size, food limitation, and female age for egg composition and reproductive effort in a butterfly

Karl

Lorenz

Fischer

2007

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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Using lines artificially selected on egg size and being subjected to a restricted and an unrestricted feeding treatment, we examined the relationships between egg size, egg number, egg composition, and reproductive investment in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Despite a successful manipulation of egg size, correlated responses to selection in larval time, pupal mass, pupal time, longevity, fecundity, or the amount of energy allocated to reproduction were virtually absent. Thus, there was no indication for an evolutionary link between offspring size and reproductive investment. Egg composition, in contrast, was affected by selection, with larger eggs containing relatively more lipid and water, but less protein and energy compared to smaller eggs. Hence, females producing large eggs did not have to sacrifice fecundity due to adjustments in egg composition. Food limitation per se caused only minor changes in egg composition, and there was no general reduction in egg provisioning with female age. The latter was restricted to food‐limited females, whereas egg quality remained remarkably similar throughout the females’ life in control groups. We conclude that neglecting changes in biochemical egg composition, depending on genetic background, food availability, and female age, may introduce substantial error when estimating reproductive effort, and may ultimately lead to invalid conclusions. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 91, 403–418.

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Life-History Consequences of Divergent Selection on Egg Size in Drosophila melanogaster

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Plant and Animal Reproductive Strategies: Lessons from Offspring Size and Number Tradeoffs

Plant and Animal Reproductive Strategies: Lessons from Offspring Size and Number Tradeoffs

Life history evolution and cellular mechanisms associated with increased size in high‐altitude Drosophila

Energetics of reproduction: consequences of divergent selection on egg size, food limitation, and female age for egg composition and reproductive effort in a butterfly

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