Life in the end-Permian dead zone

Looy, Cindy V.; Twitchett, Richard J.; Dilcher, David L.; Cittert, Johanna H.A. van Konijnenburg‐van; Visscher, Henk

doi:10.1073/pnas.131218098

Cited by 237 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A similar floral change was reported from the SpathianAnisian boundary in Hungary (Looy et al, 1999), suggesting some variation in the timing of terrestrial floral recovery in different regions of the world. Macrofloral fossil evidence indicates a more volatile record of vegetation change, with multiple short-term expansions of lycopsids from tropical regions temporarily displacing conifers during the Olenekian (Retallack et al, 2011;Looy et al, 2001). These inferences are supported by biomarker and biogeochemical studies.…”

Section: Causes and Consequences Of The Ssb Eventmentioning

confidence: 84%

Amelioration of marine environments at the Smithian–Spathian boundary, Early Triassic

et al. 2015

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Abstract. The protracted recovery of marine ecosystems following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction may have been caused, in part, by episodic environmental and climatic crises during the Early Triassic, among which the SmithianSpathian boundary (SSB) event is conspicuous. Here, we investigate the SSB event in the Shitouzhai section, Guizhou Province, South China, using a combination of carbonate carbon (δ 13 C carb ) and carbonate-associated sulfate sulfur isotopes (δ 34 S CAS ), rare earth elements, and elemental paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies. The SSB at Shitouzhai is characterized by a +4 ‰ shift in δ 13 C carb and a −10 to −15 ‰ shift in δ 34 S CAS , recording negative covariation that diverges from the positive δ 13 C carb -δ 34 S CAS covariation that characterizes most of the Early Triassic. This pattern is inferred to reflect an increase in organic carbon burial (e.g., due to elevated marine productivity) concurrently with the oxidation of isotopically light H 2 S, as the result of enhanced vertical advection of nutrient-and sulfide-rich deep waters to the ocean-surface layer. Enhanced upwelling was likely a response to climatic cooling and the reinvigoration of globalocean overturning circulation at the SSB. Coeval decreases in chemical weathering intensity and detrital sediment flux at Shitouzhai are also consistent with climatic cooling. A decline in marine biodiversity was probably associated with the late Smithian thermal maximum (LSTM) rather than with the SSB per se. The SSB thus marked the termination of the extreme hothouse conditions of the GriesbachianSmithian substages of the Early Triassic and is significant as a record of accompanying climatic, environmental, and biotic changes. The ultimate cause of the SSB event is uncertain but may have been related to a reduction in intrusive magmatic activity in the Siberian Traps large igneous province.

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Section: Causes and Consequences Of The Ssb Eventmentioning

confidence: 84%

Amelioration of marine environments at the Smithian–Spathian boundary, Early Triassic

et al. 2015

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“…However, the greater time span represented by the Reduviasporonites acme (25-54 ka) suggests that fungal proliferation was not reliant on a single, brief episode of vegetation collapse. Indeed, Looy et al (2001) recorded several intervals containing Reduviasporonites in both the latest Permian and earliest Triassic in Greenland. The stepwise extinctions and extended fungal spike and recovery succession at the P-Tr boundary appear to be incompatible with an instantaneous destructive event such as an impact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Disparate studies have reported abundant fungal remains at the Permian-Triassic boundary in both marine and terrestrial successions (Eshet et al, 1995;Retallack, 1995;Utting and Piasecki, 1995;Visscher et al, 1996;Looy et al, 2001;Steiner et al, 2003; Table 2). However, some workers regard these fossils (Reduviasporonites and its synonyms) as algal affiliates based on morphological and biochemical characteristics (Afonin et al, 2001;Foster et al, 2002).…”

Section: Permian-triassic Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there is a clear signal of major disruption to the flora at the Permian-Triassic transition in Gondwana, small numbers of typically Late Permian palynomorph and macroplant taxa persist in lowermost Triassic beds of several regions (Pant and Pant, 1987;Looy et al, 2001;McManus et al, 2002). Diversity signatures across the boundary are variable, some indicating reduced plant diversity (Helby et al, 1987), others indicating initially increased diversity (McLoughlin et al, 1997).…”

Section: Summary Of Floristic Trends Across the Massextinction Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas fern-dominance persists for <2 m above the base of the Paleocene, lycophyte/fern-rich palynofloras persist for tens of metres above the base of the Triassic (Helby, 1973;Looy et al, 2001). Re-establishment of diverse, gymnosperm/angiosperm forest vegetation may have taken as little as a few hundreds to thousands of years in the Paleocene when extinction rates were relatively low (Fig.…”

Section: Summary Of Floristic Trends Across the Massextinction Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extinction and recovery patterns of the vegetation across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary — a tool for unravelling the causes of the end-Permian mass-extinction

Vajda

McLoughlin

2007

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

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High-resolution palynofloral signatures through the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary succession show several features in common with the Permian-Triassic transition but there are also important differences. Southern Hemisphere CretaceousPalaeogene successions, to date studied at high resolution only in New Zealand, reveal a diverse palynoflora abruptly replaced by fungi-dominated assemblages that are in turn succeeded by low diversity suites dominated by fern spores, then gymnosperm-and angiosperm-dominated palynofloras of equivalent diversity to those of the Late Cretaceous. This palynofloral signature is interpreted to represent instantaneous (days to months) destruction of diverse forest communities associated with the Chicxulub impact event. The pattern of palynofloral change suggests wholesale collapse of vascular plant communities and short-term proliferation of saprotrophs followed by relatively rapid successional recovery of pteridophyte and seed-plant communities. The Permian-Triassic transition records global devastation of gymnosperm-dominated forests in a short zone synchronous with one or more peaks of the fungal/algal palynomorph Reduviasporonites. This zone is typically succeeded by assemblages rich in lycophyte spores and/or acritarchs. Higher in the succession, these assemblages give way to diverse palynofloras dominated by new groups of gymnosperms. Although different plant families were involved in the mass-extinctions, the general pattern of extinction and recovery is consistent between both events. The major difference is the longer duration for each phase of the Triassic recovery vegetation compared to that of the Paleocene. The protracted extinction-recovery succession at the Permian-Triassic boundary is incompatible with an instantaneous causal mechanism such as an impact of a celestial body but is consistent with hypotheses invoking extended environmental perturbations through flood-basalt volcanism and release of methane from continental shelf sediments.

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Disentangling Diagenesis From the Rock Record: An Example From the Permo‐Triassic Wordie Creek Formation, East Greenland

Roberts

Turchyn

Wignall

et al. 2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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The measurement of isotope ratios in sedimentary rocks deposited over geological time can provide key insights to past environmental change over important intervals in the past. However, it is important to be aware that secondary alteration can overprint the original isotopic records. We demonstrate this principle using high‐resolution carbon, sulfur, and oxygen isotope measurements in organic carbon, pyrite, and carbonate minerals (δ13Corg, δ34Spyr, δ34SCAS, δ13Ccarb, and δ18Ocarb) and kerogen analyses (HI and OI) from the Wordie Creek Formation, East Greenland. These sediments were initially deposited across the Permo‐Triassic transition, but as we will show, the carbonate record has been altered by interaction with meteoric water significantly after initial deposition. Comparison of the better preserved organic carbon and pyrite records with a proximal Permo‐Triassic sequence reveals significant pyrite‐sulfur isotope variability across the Permo‐Triassic transition. This regional heterogeneity argues against basin‐wide euxinia and instead suggests localized changes in sulfur fractionation in response to variations in organic carbon flux. This hypothesis can be used to explain seemingly inconsistent regional trends in other sulfur isotopes across the Permo‐Triassic transition.

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Life in the end-Permian dead zone

Cited by 237 publications

References 33 publications

Amelioration of marine environments at the Smithian–Spathian boundary, Early Triassic

Amelioration of marine environments at the Smithian–Spathian boundary, Early Triassic

Extinction and recovery patterns of the vegetation across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary — a tool for unravelling the causes of the end-Permian mass-extinction

Disentangling Diagenesis From the Rock Record: An Example From the Permo‐Triassic Wordie Creek Formation, East Greenland

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