Life stage-dependent susceptibility of Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to two pesticides commonly used in citrus orchards

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pyriproxyfen on wild populations of the housefly, Musca domestica, and compatibility with its principal parasitoids

Biale

Geden

Chiel

2017

“…The tested insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen was harmless to both pupae and adult E. formosa . However, it was harmful for the development of early juvenile stages of E. formosa as was also the case for another aphelinid parasitoid species, Aphytis melinus De Bach, and for the reproduction of the egg parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus . The effects on immatures were likely due to the inhibition of chitin synthesis and interference with exoskeleton formation after molting …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Selectivity of novel and traditional insecticides used for management of whiteflies on the parasitoid Encarsia formosa

Wang

Dai

Yang

et al. 2019

Self Cite

BACKGROUND Encarsia formosa Gahan is the most important parasitoid exploited for the control of whitefly pests of vegetable crops. However, the non‐target effects of recently developed insecticides for controlling whiteflies toward this biocontrol agent is little documented. Here we evaluated the susceptibility of E. formosa adults and juveniles to eight commonly used insecticides against whiteflies. RESULTS Residual toxicity tests on glass showed that E. formosa adults were susceptible (over 98% mortality after 6 h treated) to field concentrations of the tested neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram and thiamethoxam), abamectin, cyantraniliprole, and sulfoxaflor at their field concentrations. Pyriproxyfen was harmless to both adult and pupae of E. formosa. A risk quotient analysis showed that toxicity of pyriproxyfen to E. formosa adults was the lowest, followed by acetamiprid and cyantraniliprole. In the leaf residues test, mortality of E. formosa adults under all insecticides decreased when the residue age increased. Interestingly, E. formosa experiencing contact with the residues of most insecticides, except pyriproxyfen and abamectin, parasitized significantly more hosts 5‐days after treatment, suggesting a hormetic effect on parasitism. CONCLUSION The risk assessment of insecticides indicated that pyriproxyfen and cyantraniliprole were the least toxic to E. formosa. Our results suggest that the inclusion of the insecticides in sustainable integrated pest management programs of whiteflies should be carefully evaluated on a case‐by‐case basis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

“…Parasitoids in particular tend to be more susceptible to pesticides than predators . However, even within individual species, risks of pesticides for natural enemies can vary significantly across life stages due to physiological variations or to differences in the extent of exposure . For example, immature stages of egg parasitoids are generally less affected by broad‐spectrum pesticides than adults because immature stages developing within host eggs are generally sheltered from toxicants, at least to some extent, relative to the more‐exposed adults …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal effects of selected novel pesticides on immature stages of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Khan

Ruberson

2017