Lifecourse Social Conditions and Racial and Ethnic Patterns of Cognitive Aging

Glymour, M. Maria; Manly, Jennifer J.

doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9064-z

Cited by 375 publications

(432 citation statements)

References 336 publications

(291 reference statements)

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“…Several pathways, some of which have implications for disparities, link race and ethnicity with cognitive impairment (Figure 4) (Glymour & Manly, 2008). In this section, we describe the evidence underlying selected factors, mediators, and pathways associated with disparities in this population.…”

Section: Possible Reasons For Racial and Ethnic Disparitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of years of education may not be equivalent between racial and ethnic groups because of disparities in school quality, particularly in older cohorts. Therefore, even prevalence studies that control for education may not be able to adequately adjust for differences in educational quality (Glymour & Manly, 2008).…”

Section: Factors Related To Measurement Of Alzheimer's Disease Prevalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vascular factors and conditions that may be associated with cognitive decline and dementia include stroke, diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, high fat intake, high cholesterol, smoking, alcohol misuse, atrial fibrillation, low folate, and obesity (Glymour & Manly, 2008). Although no definitive evidence links cardiovascular disease and AD, several studies have found associations between cognitive impairment and cardiovascular disease (Purnell, Gao, Callahan, & Hendrie, 2009).…”

Section: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease And Other Comorbimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the cardiovascular disease risk factors are more common in African Americans and Hispanics (Glymour & Manly, 2008). Geographic variation in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors may be related to differences in regional dietary patterns.…”

Section: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease And Other Comorbimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geographic variation in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors may be related to differences in regional dietary patterns. More than 80 percent of blacks aged 65 or over in 2000 were born in the South, and southernborn individuals have significantly higher rates of circulatory disease mortality (Glymour & Manly, 2008).…”

Section: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease And Other Comorbimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States: A Literature Review

Lines¹,

Sherif²,

Wiener³

2014

115

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This study reviews the published literature on racial and ethnic disparities among people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias in the United States. To identify relevant studies, we searched electronic sources for peer-reviewed journal articles and unpublished research reports that were published through July 2014; related to the AD population and their caregivers; and provided evidence of racial and ethnic disparities, discussed reasons for disparities, or described interventions to address disparities. The literature shows consistent and adverse disparities among blacks and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites concerning AD, including the disease’s prevalence and incidence, mortality, participation in clinical trials, use of medications and other interventions, use of long-term services and supports, health care expenditures, quality of care, and caregiving. The literature suggests numerous underlying causes, including factors related to measurement of the disease, genetics, socioeconomic factors, cultural differences, lack of culturally competent clinicians, and discrimination. Although these disparities are well known, little is known about the effectiveness of various strategies, such as cultural competence training, to address these differences, and very few studies evaluate possible interventions.

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Section: Possible Reasons For Racial and Ethnic Disparitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Related To Measurement Of Alzheimer's Disease Prevalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease And Other Comorbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease And Other Comorbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease And Other Comorbimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States: A Literature Review

Lines¹,

Sherif²,

Wiener³

2014

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Early-Life Circumstances and Racial Disparities in Cognition Among Older Adults in the US

Lin,

Ye,

Allore

et al. 2024

JAMA Intern Med

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ImportanceGiven the critical role of neurocognitive development in early life, understanding the association between early-life circumstances and racial disparities in cognition has important implications.ObjectiveTo assess whether racial differences in early-life circumstances are collectively and individually associated with racial disparities in late-life cognition among older adults in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used comprehensive life history data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of US adults 50 years or older. Data analyses were performed from August 9, 2022, to January 20, 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRacial differences in early-life circumstances and racial disparities in late-life cognition were investigated using a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition regression model. Cognitive outcomes, including cognitive score and cognitive impairment, were evaluated using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Early-life educational experiences were primary explanatory variables; early-life cohort, regional, financial, health, trauma, family relationship factors, and educational attainment were additional explanatory variables; demographic and genetic factors were covariates.ResultsThe study sample comprised 9015 participants; 1634 non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) individuals (18.1%) and 7381 non-Hispanic White (hereafter, White) individuals (81.9%). Among Black participants, the mean (SD) age was 69.2 (9.2) years and 1094 (67.0%) were women. Among White participants, the mean (SD) age was 73.2 (10.1) years and 4410 (59.7%) were women. Cognitive scores (scale, 0-27) were significantly lower among Black participants (13.5 [95% CI, 13.3-13.7] points) than among White participants (15.8 [95% CI, 15.7-15.9] points), while the prevalence of cognitive impairment (cognitive score &lt;12) was significantly higher among Black participants (33.6 [95% CI, 31.3-35.9] percentage points [ppt]) than among White participants (16.4 [95% CI, 15.6-17.2] ppt). Substantial racial differences were observed in early-life circumstances. Overall, differences in early-life circumstances were associated with 61.5% of the racial disparities in cognitive score (1.4 [95% CI, 0.88-2.0] points), and 82.3% of the racial disparities in cognitive impairment (14.2 [95% CI, 8.8-19.5] ppt), respectively. In multivariable analyses, early-life educational experiences were associated with 35.2% of the disparities in cognitive score and 48.6% in cognitive impairment. Notably, school racial segregation (all segregated schooling before college) was associated with 28.8% to 39.7% of the racial disparities in cognition. These findings were consistent in a series of sensitivity analyses.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that less favorable early-life circumstances are associated with clinically meaningful racial disparities in late-life cognition. Policies that improve educational equity have the potential to reduce racial disparities in cognition in older ages. Clinicians may leverage early-life circumstances to promote the screening, prevention, and interventions of cognitive impairment more efficiently, thereby promoting health equity.

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Sex Differences in Cognitive Decline Among US Adults

et al. 2021

Self Cite

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Key Points Question Does the risk of cognitive decline among US adults vary by sex? Findings In this cohort study using pooled data from 26 088 participants, women, compared with men, had higher baseline performance in global cognition, executive function, and memory. Women, compared with men, had significantly faster declines in global cognition and executive function, but not memory. Meaning These findings suggest that women may have greater cognitive reserve but faster cognitive decline than men.

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Lifecourse Social Conditions and Racial and Ethnic Patterns of Cognitive Aging

Cited by 375 publications

References 336 publications

Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States: A Literature Review

Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States: A Literature Review

Early-Life Circumstances and Racial Disparities in Cognition Among Older Adults in the US

Sex Differences in Cognitive Decline Among US Adults

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