Lifespan aging and belief reasoning: Influences of executive function and social cue decoding

Phillips, Louise H.; Bull, Rebecca; Allen, Roy; Insch, Pauline; Burr, Kirsty; Ogg, Will

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.05.003

Cited by 113 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…With regards to the neural basis of mentalizing, both aMCI and CTR groups activated the pSTS (BA 21,22,37), but in aMCI, these activations are less exten-sive than CTRs on the right side; moreover, testing the common effects within the aMCI group, we did not find recruitment of TP brain areas. These findings support an initial decay of the neural basis of mentalizing tested with the RME in aMCI.…”

Section: F Baglio Et Al / Tom Decay In Amci: Fmri Studycontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…So, from a behavioral perspective, mentalizing is far from an optimal functioning in adulthood [8,9] and undergoes further changes in successful neurocognitive aging. With the exception of two works [10,11], a relevant number of studies reported a decline in this ability with advancing age [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. With regards to the neural domain, the set of regions underpinning ToM is subjected to relevant transformations not only during development [23][24][25][26], but also in the elderly, as reported in our previous study [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

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Theory of Mind in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: An fMRI Study

Baglio

Castelli

Alberoni

et al. 2012

JAD

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Theory of Mind (ToM) undergoes changes at the behavioral level in pathological aging (Alzheimer's disease (AD)) and at the neural level in physiological aging. The aim was to determine if there are changes in ToM in the behavioral and neural domains in old subjects with high risk of switching from successful to unsuccessful neurocognitive aging. Patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) syndrome were studied, since aMCI was proposed to fill the gap between normal aging and dementia. Sixteen aMCI patients (mean age 71 years) and fifteen healthy controls (mean age 67 years) with no differences in age or education were subjected to increasingly complex ToM tasks and to fMRI scanning while performing the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RME), which attributes mental states by focusing on eye-gaze. aMCI subjects had worse performances in two second order false belief tasks, confirming the decay of ToM on the behavioral level. Despite a minor activation of some components (posterior end of the superior temporal sulcus and temporal pole) of the ToM neural circuit, no significant differences in the behavioral performances to the RME was found in aMCI compared to controls. Probably the preservation of the mirror neuron system (precentral gyrus-BA 6; Broca area - BA 44) and the stronger involvement of frontal areas (middle and medial frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex) supplemented the decay of part of the mentalizing neural circuit, preserving task performance.

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Section: F Baglio Et Al / Tom Decay In Amci: Fmri Studycontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Theory of Mind in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: An fMRI Study

Baglio

Castelli

Alberoni

et al. 2012

JAD

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“…Measure refers to the specific ToM measure that was used in the study. These were most typically either Happé's Strange Stories Task (Happé's, 1994) Phillips et al, 2011), ToM tasks that were presented in either story or cartoon format (stories or cartoon tasks, see e.g., Castelli al., 2010), or the Sullivan and Ruffman ToM videos (Sullivan & Ruffman, 2004).…”

Section: (Appendix Continues)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recent ToM studies have either reported no age differences (Keightley, Winocur, Burianova, Hongwanishkul, & Grady, 2006;MacPherson, Phillips, & Della Sala, 2002;Saltzman, Strauss, Hunter, & Archibald, 2000;Slessor, Phillips, & Bull, 2007) or age-related decline Castelli et al, 2010;German & Hehman, 2006;Maylor, Moulson, & Muncer, 2002;McKinnon & Moscovitch, 2007;Phillips et al, 2011;Saltzman et al, 2000;Sullivan & Ruffman, 2004). However, the majority of aging studies of ToM have been limited by only considering one aspect of ToM.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Difficulties reasoning about another's beliefs, feelings, desires, intentions, or goals have clear and important consequences in clinical groups for whom social deficits profoundly limit functional capacity and quality of life. For instance, ToM deficits present in autism disrupt communication skills (Peterson, Garnett, Kelly & Attwood, 2009). In people with schizophrenia, the capacity to appreciate mental states predicts social competence more strongly than neurocognitive function or clinical symptom severity (Brüne, Abdel-Hamid, Lehmkamper & Sonntag, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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A meta-analytic review of age differences in theory of mind.

Henry

Phillips

Ruffman

et al. 2013

Psychology and Aging

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340

283

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Age-related difficulties in understanding basic emotional signals are now well established, but less clear is how aging affects theory of mind (ToM), which refers to the understanding of more complex emotions and mental states. A meta-analysis of 23 datasets involving 1462 (790 younger and 672 older) participants was conducted in which six basic types of ToM task were identified (Stories, Eyes, Videos, False belief-video, False belief-other, and Faux pas). Each ToM task was also categorized according to domain (affective, cognitive, or mixed) and modality (verbal, visual-static, visual-dynamic, verbal and visual-static, or verbal and visual-dynamic). Overall, collapsed across all types of task, older adults were found to perform more poorly than younger adults, with the degree of ToM difficulty they experienced moderate in magnitude (r = -.41). The results also provide evidence for increased ToM difficulties in late adulthood regardless of specific task parameters, with deficits evident across all task types, domains, and modalities. With few exceptions, age deficits for ToM tasks were larger in magnitude compared with matched control tasks. These data have implications for our understanding of mental state attribution processes in late adulthood, suggesting that ToM difficulties are not simply secondary to non-ToM related task demands.

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Executive Functions and Behavior Across the Lifespan

Eslinger¹,

Flaherty²

2018

The Wiley Handbook on the Aging Mind and Brain

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Lifespan aging and belief reasoning: Influences of executive function and social cue decoding

Cited by 113 publications

References 62 publications

Theory of Mind in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: An fMRI Study

Theory of Mind in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: An fMRI Study

A meta-analytic review of age differences in theory of mind.

Executive Functions and Behavior Across the Lifespan

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