Lifestyle Parameters in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and in the General Adult Population—Trends over Five Years: Results of the Austrian National Health Interview Series

Abstract

Background: Not smoking, performing >150 min of aerobic physical activity (PA) and muscle strengthening exercises/week, and consuming >5 portions of fruit and vegetables/day are lifestyle recommendations for both the general population and people with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: A total of 15,771 and 15,461 persons from the Austrian Health Interview Surveys 2014 and 2019, respectively, including 4.9% and 6.0% of people with DM, were analysed in terms of their smoking, PA, and nutritional behaviours. Logistic regression models were performed for the lifestyle factors, adjusted for socio-demographic and health-related factors. Adjusted interactions between the survey year and DM on the lifestyle factors were computed. Results: The proportions of smokers were 23.9% and 20.2%, of people complying with the PA recommendations were 24.9% and 21.4%, and with fruit and vegetables recommendations were 7.1% and 5.5%, respectively, with significantly lower proportions of smokers and persons complying with the PA recommendations among people with DM. The fully adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for people with DM were 1.09 (0.94–1.26), 1.44 (1.23–1.69), and 0.90 (0.71–1.13) for smoking, not complying with PA recommendations, and not complying with fruit and vegetables recommendations, respectively. The proportion of people complying with PA recommendations decreased to a greater extent (p < 0.001) in people with DM (16.5% to 8.3%) compared to people without DM (25.3% to 22.3%). Conclusion: Diabetogenic lifestyle behaviours increased in the general Austrian population in recent years, which was especially true for people with DM regarding PA.

Adherence to aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 3.3 million participants across 32 countries

“…41 Along this line, a study by Bennie et al 23 in ~1.7 million US adults found that meeting both aerobic and MSA guidelines was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity, and associations were stronger for higher obesity classes. Similar differences in adherence to physical activity guidelines have been reported in other countries, including Austria, 30 Australia, 21 Finland, 22 Germany, 25 The Netherlands 31 and South Korea, 33 36 indicating that these Our study provides an accurate estimate of prevalence of physical activity at the population level, which is an important modifiable chronic disease risk factor. 10 11 The importance of meeting both guidelines from a clinical perspective has previously been highlighted in some studies included in the present meta-analysis.…”

“…After removing duplicates and screening titles, 67 studies were assessed for eligibility based on full text. A total of 21 studies were finally included in the present meta-analysis 8 9 21–39. The PRISMA flow diagram illustrating the number of studies excluded at each stage of the systematic review and meta-analysis is shown in figure 1.…”

“…Studies were conducted in Australia,21 Austria,30 32 Bulgaria,26 Croatia,26 Cyprus,26 Czechia,26 Denmark,26 Estonia,26 Finland,22 26 France,26 Germany,25 26 Greece,26 Hungary,26 Iceland,26 Ireland,26 Italy,26 Latvia,26 Lithuania,26 Luxemburg,26 Malta,26 The Netherlands,26 31 Norway,26 Poland,26 Portugal,26 Romania,26 Slovakia,26 Slovenia,26 South Korea,24 33 36 Spain,26 Sweden,26 the UK26 and the USA 8 9 23 27 29 35 38 39. Sources of information included the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey,21 Regional Health and Well-being Study,22 US Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys,23 27 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey,24 36 German Health Update Survey,25 European Health Interview Survey,26 National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study,39 Youth Risk Behaviour Survey,9 Health Survey for England study,28 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,29 35 Austrian Health Interview Surveys,30 32 Dutch Health Survey/Lifestyle Monitor by Statistics Netherlands,31 National Health Insurance Service of South Korea,33 Active Lives Survey34 37 37 and the NHIS 8 38. Aerobic and MSA were self-reported in most studies, although one study29 directly measured aerobic physical activity through accelerometers.…”

“…All studies were deemed to be at low risk of bias, presenting scores ranging between 0 and 2 points. The main sources of bias were related to the reliability and validity of the study instrument that measured physical activity,22 24–26 28 30 34 37 39 or to response rates lower than 75% 22 23 28 33 35. A summary of the risk of bias scoring is shown in online supplemental eTable 2.…”

Residential Characteristics as Factors Related to Healthy Behavior Practices—Decision Tree Model Analysis Using a Community Health Survey from Korea

“…Smoking, high-risk drinking, and lack of physical activity are risk factors for poor health, but improving them can prevent or delay the worsening of chronic diseases [ 2 ]. Engaging in multiple risky behaviors is associated with a greater risk of chronic disease and mortality as compared with engaging in one or no risk behaviors [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. In addition, mortality risk and the risk of poor health-related quality of life increase when the number of poor behaviors increases [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”