Lifestyle-Related Determinants of Hookah and Cigarette Smoking in Iranian Adults

Abstract

To identify lifestyle-related determinants of hookah and cigarette smoking in Iranian adults, a total of 12,514 men and women aged >/=19 years in three counties in central Iran (Isfahan, Najafabad, Arak) were selected in multistage random sampling. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle were collected in interviewer-administered questionnaires, as part of the baseline survey of the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Unhealthy lifestyle-related factors independently associated with cigarette and hookah smoking, were identified in sex-specific multivariate logistic regression analyses. High stress levels (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.35-1.78 for men; OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.17-2.27 for women), family member smoking (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.27-4.92 for men; OR: 2.49; 95% CI: 2.20-2.95 for women), and short/long sleep duration (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01-1.39 for men; OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.10-2.35 for women) were associated with cigarette smoking in both men and women. Poor diet was also related to cigarette smoking in men (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.62-1.89). Family member smoking was associated with hookah smoking in both men (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.05-3.12) and women (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02-4.92), and in addition high stress levels (OR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.14-5.83) and short/long sleep duration (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.02-2.41) were associated with hookah smoking in women. Unhealthy lifestyle-related factors co-occur with cigarette and hookah smoking in Iranian adults, likely increasing the risk for chronic health problems. Sex differences in the determinants of hookah and cigarette smoking may need to be taken into account in planning tobacco control strategies.

Evaluation of the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking and its related factors in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

“…In agreement with previous studies (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), our results show that the waterpipe tobacco smoking rate among Iranians is increasing each year, and this could be due to the failure of Iranian tobacco control programmes in the field of waterpipe smoking. It should be noted that due to the differences in the methods and sample sizes, these studies are not fully comparable; however, the increasing trend of consumption is inferable.…”

“…Almost half of the participants had the experience of waterpipe smoking at some point in their lives, with current smokers accounting for 17.6%. According to the results of a study done in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1% of participants were daily waterpipe smokers (15). The A few values missing in some categories.…”

“…Our findings in this respect are similar to those of studies from Viet Nam (6.4%) and Lebanon (15.0%) (20,21). A 2010 study in the Islamic Republic of Iran also showed that cigarette smoking and waterpipe smoking were more prevalent among men (15). However, the difference between males and females in smoking rates is lower for waterpipe smoking than for cigarette smoking.…”

The Prevalence, Attitudes, and Correlates of Waterpipe Smoking Among High School Students in Iran: a Cross-Sectional Study

“…This increase shown in our study also may support the findings of the previously mentioned study which claimed that 18.5% of students who had previously never smoked WP turned into WP experimenters (even one or two puffs) and 1.5% of WP experimenters turned into regular WP users (current WP smokers) [34]. According to a study that was done in Tehran in 2012, the prevalence of WP smoking among women 15-24 years age was 6.9% [40] and in the southern cities in Iran, it was 8.2% [41]. The national GYTS survey that was done in 2007 in Iran among 1 996 middle-school students aged 13-15 showed that 43.8% of students had smoked WP at least once, of whom 55% were males and 32% were females, and 16.5% were current WP smokers, of whom 22.8% were males and 9.4% were females [19].…”

Illicit Drug Use and its Correlations Among Hookah Users in Khalil Abad, Northeast of Iran

“…7 In addition, the prevalence rate of hookah smoking was reported 5.3% across the entire country and 8.2% in the southern cities. 8,9 There is limited information about illicit drug use and associated factors in hookah smokers in Iran. So, the aim of this study was to assess the status of illicit drug use and associated factors among hookah smokers of Khalil Abad city in 2015.…”