Lifetime risk of imprisonment in the United States remains high and starkly unequal

Roehrkasse, Alexander; Wildeman, Christopher

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo3395

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A wealth of research has also testified to the different treatments received by people of color, particularly Black individuals, in sentencing (Mustard, 2001; Rehavi & Starr, 2014; Yang, 2015) and, parallelly, in arrest (Bushway et al., 2022; Golub et al., 2007; Roehrkasse & Wildeman, 2022) and incarceration prevalence (Bales & Piquero, 2012; Duxbury, 2021a; Sykes & Pettit, 2014; Western et al., 2021).…”

Section: Homicide Clearance and The Broader Literature On Racial Ineq...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Homicides involving Black victims are less likely to be cleared in the United States

Campedelli

2024

Criminology

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Does a victim's race explain variation in the likelihood of homicide clearance? Attempts to address this issue date back to the 1970s. Yet, despite its theoretical and policy relevance, we lack a comprehensive and clear empirical answer to this critical question. Here, I causally focus on this problem by investigating racial disparity in homicide clearance in the United States, exploiting two sources covering the 1991–2020 period: the Murder Accountability Project data set (N = 522,278) and the National Incident‐Based Reporting System data set (N = 98,677). I primarily analyze these sources by employing exact matching to achieve perfect covariate balance and subsequently isolate the effect of race on the probability of clearance. For comparative purposes, I also use regression adjustment without matching obtaining complementary estimates. I demonstrate that the likelihood of clearance is 3.4 to 4.8 percent lower for homicides involving Black victims, depending on the sampling and estimation approach. In addition, I empirically show that this race effect is slightly higher for males and that racial disparity has moderately but significantly increased over time. These findings contribute to the extensive amount of evidence on discrimination affecting Black individuals in the administration of justice in the United States, calling for structural efforts to reduce this divide.

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Section: Homicide Clearance and The Broader Literature On Racial Ineq...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Homicides involving Black victims are less likely to be cleared in the United States

Campedelli

2024

Criminology

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“…Race/ethnicity likely also plays a central role, as African Americans and Native Americans, both of whom have lifetime risks of imprisonment far in excess of those of other groups (Roehrkasse & Wildeman 2022) and often extensive family experiences with violence, poverty, and criminal justice contact (Natl. Acad.…”

Section: Race/ethnicity Class and Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Desistance as an Intergenerational Process

Wildeman,

Sampson

2024

Annu. Rev. Criminol.

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Nearly 35 years ago, Sampson and Laub popularized the concept of desistance from crime and isolated core factors that promote and inhibit this process. In this article, we introduce the concept of intergenerational desistance and provide guidance on measuring and explaining this process, encouraging researchers to think of the life-course of crime in terms of both individuals and generations. We first review research on the intergenerational transmission of family criminality and criminal justice contact, relying also on research outside of criminology to highlight how using broader conceptions of the family, including social parents, entire generations, and three (or more) generations could enliven this area. Bridging these literatures allows us to then introduce the concept of intergenerational desistance and elaborate on the concept of intergenerational escalation and demonstrate how they can be measured using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN). We close by developing a research agenda for considering intergenerational desistance and escalation in ways that enhance our understanding of how the life-course of crime, criminal justice contact, and other troubles in life (e.g., with alcohol, drugs, and mental health) progress through families. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 7 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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“…Carceral systems include nearly 1600 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, more than 3000 local jails, and 1300 juvenile correctional facilities, as well as other facilities . Based on 2016 prison admission rates, an estimated 9% of male and 2% of female individuals will be incarcerated during their lifetime . Meanwhile, Black people are disproportionality incarcerated in the US, reflecting historic and current institutional racism within the criminal justice system, including discriminatory policing, prosecution, and sentencing practices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Based on 2016 prison admission rates, an estimated 9% of male and 2% of female individuals will be incarcerated during their lifetime. 4 Meanwhile, Black people are disproportionality incarcerated in the US, 1 , 2 reflecting historic and current institutional racism within the criminal justice system, including discriminatory policing, prosecution, and sentencing practices. Defined as a key social determinant of health by Healthy People 2030, incarceration has been associated with several adverse health outcomes, including infectious diseases, chronic conditions, mental health disorders, and increased mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incarceration History and Access to and Receipt of Health Care in the US

Zhao,

Star,

Han

et al. 2024

JAMA Health Forum

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ImportancePeople with a history of incarceration may experience barriers in access to and receipt of health care in the US.ObjectiveTo examine the associations of incarceration history and access to and receipt of care and the contribution of modifiable factors (educational attainment and health insurance coverage) to these associations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIndividuals with and without incarceration history were identified from the 2008 to 2018 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. Analyses were conducted from October 2022 to December 2023.Main Measures and OutcomesAccess to and receipt of health care were measured as self-reported having usual source of care and preventive service use, including physical examination, influenza shot, blood pressure check, blood cholesterol level check, blood glucose level check, dental check, and colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer screenings across multiple panels. To account for the longitudinal study design, we used the inverse probability weighting method with generalized estimating equations to evaluate associations of incarceration history and access to care. Separate multivariable models examining associations between incarceration history and receipt of each preventive service adjusted for sociodemographic factors; sequential models further adjusted for educational attainment and health insurance coverage to examine their contribution to the associations of incarceration history and access to and receipt of health care.ResultsA total of 7963 adults with 41 614 person-years of observation were included in this study; of these, 586 individuals (5.4%) had been incarcerated, with 2800 person-years of observation (4.9%). Compared with people without incarceration history, people with incarceration history had lower percentages of having a usual source of care or receiving preventive services, including physical examinations (69.6% vs 74.1%), blood pressure test (85.6% vs 91.6%), blood cholesterol level test (59.5% vs 72.2%), blood glucose level test (61.4% vs 69.4%), dental check up (51.1% vs 66.0%), and breast (55.0% vs 68.2%) and colorectal cancer screening (65.6% vs 70.3%). With additional adjustment for educational attainment and health insurance, the associations of incarceration history and access to care were attenuated for most measures and remained statistically significant for measures of having a usual source of care, blood cholesterol level test, and dental check up only.Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this survey study suggest that incarceration history was associated with worse access to and receipt of health care. Educational attainment and health insurance may contribute to these associations. Efforts to improve access to education and health insurance coverage for people with an incarceration history might mitigate disparities in care.

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Lifetime risk of imprisonment in the United States remains high and starkly unequal

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

Homicides involving Black victims are less likely to be cleared in the United States

Homicides involving Black victims are less likely to be cleared in the United States

Desistance as an Intergenerational Process

Incarceration History and Access to and Receipt of Health Care in the US

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