“…The robotic hummingbird of the University of Maryland, which is actuated by a single-crank dual-rocker mechanism and a guide rod mechanism, achieves four degrees of freedom of motion and generates much higher aerodynamic forces than a flutter-wing aircraft of the same size [13]. In addition, some FMAVs, such as the KU Beetle-mimicking flutter wings [14], the NUS-TL-Flapping wing micro air vehicle (MAV) [15,16], the oscillating-wing MAV [17], and the DelFly tailless aerial robotic flutter wing [18,19], mimic the flight patterns of insects or hummingbirds to achieve controlled hovering flight.…”