“…Aryl-substituted benzoxazoles, benzimidazoles, and benzothiazoles are also a valuable class of heterocyclic compounds that have a wide range of biological activities, including antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antihistaminic, and antimicrobial activities. − Two well-known methods for the preparation of these compounds have been developed: (i) metal-catalyzed direct alkylation of benzoxazoles, benzimidazoles, and benzothiazoles through C–H activation followed by C–C bond formation; − (ii) condensation–aromatization of o -aminophenol, o -phenylenediamine, and o -aminothiophenols with aldehydes using Brønsted or Lewis acid catalysts. − Although the reported methods are satisfactory, synthesis of these compounds remains challenging, with procedures suffering from low yields, additional additives or volatile organic solvents, and expensive and unrecyclable catalysts.…”