IntroductionPatients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) harbor a specific translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), the Philadelphia chromosome, resulting in the expression of a constitutively active protein tyrosine kinase Bcr-abl that is essential for the hematopoietic cell transformation. 1 This kinase exerts its oncogenic function by activating a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways that lead to increased cell survival and proliferation and limited dependence on growth factors. Among these pathways are those that mediate activation of PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and protein kinase (PK)C/PKD signaling cascades that generally stimulate cell proliferation and survival. 2,3 The Bcr-abl inhibitor imatinib mesylate (IM) has replaced interferon IFN␣ as the standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) because of higher response frequency, substantially superior molecular and cytogenetic responses, lesser toxicity, and better survival. [4][5][6][7] Yet, although rapidly killing differentiated CML cells, IM is less efficient against more primitive leukemic stem cells and early progenitor cells. 8,9 Thus, patients receiving IM are not cured and require life-long treatment that is often compromised by resistance to IM because of mutations in Bcr-abl tyrosine kinase. 7,10 The ability of the second and third generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs; eg, dasatinib that might be active against mutant kinases) to eradicate quiescent early CML progenitors remains to be determined. 11 It is plausible that a combination of Bcr-abl inhibitors and the agents targeting the leukemic stem cell population might be required to eradicate the disease in CML patients.Recent evidence suggests that leukemic stem cells might undergo terminal differentiation in response to IFN␣, 12 a cytokine known to produce a curative effect in a small subset of patients (reviewed in Kujawski and Talpaz 13 ). Although these results, along with reports on several cases of successful treatment with IFN␣ after a course of IM (or vice versa), 14,15 provide new enthusiasm for the reintroduction of IFN␣ into the management of CML, 13 the molecular mechanisms that underlie the rationale for combining Bcr-abl inhibitors and IFN␣ remain to be delineated. Cellular responses to IFN␣ are mediated by the cell surface type I IFN receptor that consists of the interferon-␣/ receptor (IFNAR)1 and IFNAR2 chains. Ligand-stimulated dimerization of these chains leads to the activation of Janus kinase (JAK) family members JAK1 and TYK2. JAK1 and TYK2 phosphorylate signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family proteins at specific tyrosine residues. Tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 along with subsequent recruitment of p48/IRF9 leads to the formation of a potent transcription factor that transactivates IFN-stimulated genes and contribute to the antiproliferative effects of IFN␣ (for reviews, see [16][17][18][19] ).A better understanding of molecular interactions between IFN␣-and Bcr-abl-induced signaling pathways is requ...