Photochemical methods facilitate the generation, isolation, and study of metastable nanomaterials having unusual size, composition, and morphology. These harder-to-isolate and highly reactive phases, inaccessible using conventional high-temperature pyrolysis, are likely to possess enhanced and unprecedented chemical, electromagnetic, and catalytic properties. We report a fast, low-temperature and scalable photochemical route to synthesize very small (~3 nm) monodisperse cobalt oxyhydroxide (Co(O)OH) nanocrystals. This method uses readily and commercially available pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride, [Co(NH 3 ) 5 Cl]Cl 2 , under acidic or neutral pH and proceeds under either near-UV (350 nm) or Vis (575 nm) illumination. Control experiments showed that the reaction proceeds at competent rates only in the presence of light, does not involve a free radical mechanism, is insensitive to O 2, and proceeds in two steps: (1) Aquation of [Co(NH 3 ) 5 Cl] 2+ to yield [Co(NH 3 ) 5 (H 2 O)] 3+ , followed by (2) slow photoinduced release of NH 3 from the aqua complex. This reaction is slow enough for Co(O)OH to form but fast enough so that nanocrystals are small (ca. 3 nm). The alternative dark thermal reaction proceeds much more slowly and produces much larger (~250 nm) polydisperse Co(O)OH aggregates. UV-Vis absorption measurements and ab initio calculations yield a Co(O)OH band gap of 1.7 eV. Fast thermal annealing of Co(O)OH nanocrystals leads to Co 3 O 4 nanocrystals with overall retention of nanoparticle size and morphology. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that oxyhydroxide to mixed-oxide phase transition occurs at significantly lower temperatures (up to T = 64 degrees C) for small nanocrystals compared with the bulk.
KeywordsAb initio calculations, Aqua complexes, Catalytic properties, control experiments, fast thermal annealing, free radical mechanism, high-temperature pyrolysis, low temperatures, monodisperse, nanoparticle sizes, neutral pH, Oxyhydroxides, Pentaamminechlorocobalt, Photochemical method, thermal synthesis, chlorine compounds, cobalt, cracking (chemical)
Disciplines
Chemistry
CommentsReprinted (adapted) with permission from Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116 (2012)