Light-dependent Structural Change of Chicken Retinal Cryptochrome4

Watari, Ryuji; Yamaguchi, Chiaki; Zemba, Wataru; Kubo, Yoko; Okano, Keiichi; Okano, Toshiyuki

doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.395731

Cited by 61 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In chickens, as in other birds, there are at least four types of cryptochrome (Bailey et al, 2002;Haque et al, 2002;Liedvogel and Mouritsen, 2010;Watari et al, 2012). Of these, cryptochrome 1a has been found to be located at the disks in the outer segments of the ultraviolet/violet cones of robins and chickens (Nießner et al, 2011), and thus at a location that is in agreement with a sensory function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Ontogenetic development of magnetic compass orientation in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus)

Denzau

Nießner

Rogers³

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Domestic chickens (Gallus gallus)can be trained to search for a social stimulus in a specific magnetic direction, and cryptochrome 1a, found in the retina, has been proposed as a receptor molecule mediating magnetic directions. The present study combines immuno-histochemical and behavioural data to analyse the ontogenetic development of this ability. Newly hatched chicks already have a small amount of cryptochrome 1a in their violet cones; on day 5, the amount of cryptochrome 1a reached the same level as in adult chickens, suggesting that the physical basis for magnetoreception is present. In behavioural tests, however, young chicks 5 to 7days old failed to show a preference of the training direction; on days 8, 9 and 12, they could be successfully trained to search along a specific magnetic axis. Trained and tested again 1week later, the chicks that had not shown a directional preference on days 5 to 7 continued to search randomly, while the chicks tested from day 8 onward preferred the correct magnetic axis when tested 1week later. The observation that the magnetic compass is not functional before day 8 suggests that certain maturation processes in the magnetosensitive system in the brain are not yet complete before that day. The reasons why chicks that have been trained before that day fail to learn the task later remain unclear.Supplementary material available online at

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Ontogenetic development of magnetic compass orientation in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus)

Denzau

Nießner

Rogers³

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…This indicates that our antiserum against an epitope on the C-terminus does not label all Cry1a forms but only an activated form. A similar light-dependent conformational change in chicken cryptochrome 4 leads to recognition by a specific antibody which may hence be used as a conformational probe [14]. The same applies to our antiserum against the C-terminal of Cry1a.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Magnetoreception: activated cryptochrome 1a concurs with magnetic orientation in birds

Nießner

Denzau

Stapput

et al. 2013

J. R. Soc. Interface.

153

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The radical pair model proposes that the avian magnetic compass is based on radical pair processes in the eye, with cryptochrome, a flavoprotein, suggested as receptor molecule. Cryptochrome 1a (Cry1a) is localized at the discs of the outer segments of the UV/violet cones of European robins and chickens. Here, we show the activation characteristics of a bird cryptochrome in vivo under natural conditions. We exposed chickens for 30 min to different light regimes and analysed the amount of Cry1a labelled with an antiserum against an epitope at the C-terminus of this protein. The staining after exposure to sunlight and to darkness indicated that the antiserum labels only an illuminated, activated form of Cry1a. Exposure to narrow-bandwidth lights of various wavelengths revealed activated Cry1a at UV, blue and turquoise light. With green and yellow, the amount of activated Cry1a was reduced, and with red, as in the dark, no activated Cry1a was labelled. Activated Cry1a is thus found at all those wavelengths at which birds can orient using their magnetic inclination compass, supporting the role of Cry1a as receptor molecule. The observation that activated Cry1a and well-oriented behaviour occur at 565 nm green light, a wavelength not absorbed by the fully oxidized form of cryptochrome, suggests that a state other than the previously suggested Trp•/FAD• radical pair formed during photoreduction is crucial for detecting magnetic directions.

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“…In contrast to Type 1 Crys whose conformational changes happen mainly at the C-terminus [27], our study (and that of Mitsui et al [20] with GgCry4) shows that the changes in tryptic digestion of ClCry4 are detected within the PHR domain (Fig5B). Another study with GgCry4 found that light exposure affects binding of an anti-Cry4 antibody directed against a C-terminal epitope [56]. Unfortunately, these methods used to probe conformation are crude and it is not possible to systematically compare light-induced conformational changes in Type 1 and Type 4 Crys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative properties and functions of type 2 and type 4 pigeon cryptochromes

Wang

Jing

Selby

et al. 2018

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

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Two types of vertebrate cryptochromes (Crys) are currently recognized. Type 2 Crys function in the molecular circadian clock as light-independent transcriptional repressors. Type 4 Crys are a newly discovered group with unknown function, although they are flavoproteins and therefore may function as photoreceptors. It has been postulated that Crys function in light-dependent magnetoreception, which is thought to contribute towards homing and migratory behaviors. Here we have cloned and annotated the full-length pigeon ClCry1, ClCry2, and ClCry4 genes, and characterized the full-length proteins and several site-directed mutants to investigate the roles of these proteins. ClCry1 and ClCry2 are phylogenetically grouped as Type 2 Crys and thus are expected to be core components of the pigeon circadian clock. Interestingly, we find that ClCry4 is properly annotated as a Type 4 Cry. It appears that many birds possess a Type 4 Cry which, as in pigeon, is misannotated. Like the Type 2 Crys, ClCry4 is widespread in pigeon tissues. However, unlike the Type 2 Crys, ClCry4 is cytosolic, and purified ClCry4 possesses FAD cofactor, which confers characteristic UV-visible spectra as well as two photochemical activities. We find that ClCry4 undergoes light-dependent conformational change, which is a property of insect Type1 Crys involved in the insect-specific pathway of photoentrainment of the biological clock. ClCry4 can also be photochemically reduced by a mechanism common to all FAD-containing Cry family members, and this mechanism is postulated to be influenced by the geomagnetic field. Thus pigeon Crys control circadian behavior and may also have photosensory function.

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Light-dependent Structural Change of Chicken Retinal Cryptochrome4

Cited by 61 publications

References 24 publications

Ontogenetic development of magnetic compass orientation in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus)

Ontogenetic development of magnetic compass orientation in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus)

Magnetoreception: activated cryptochrome 1a concurs with magnetic orientation in birds

Comparative properties and functions of type 2 and type 4 pigeon cryptochromes

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