Light-driven host-symbiont interactions under hosts’ range shifts caused by global warming: A review

Competitive success of southern populations of Betula pendula and Sorbus aucuparia under simulated southern climate experiment in the subarctic

“…Simulated southern climate (SSC) experiment was established to study reaction norms of southern and northern populations of silver birch ( B. pendula ) and rowan ( S. aucuparia ) in southern (Jokioinen, 60.48ºN; 23.10ºE) and northern (Kevo, 69.45ºN; 27.00ºE) light environments in the field. The experiment simulated populations’ range shifts under warming climate (Markkola et al., ; Taulavuori, ). The experiment is based on the “transfer of the southern temperature climate toward north” with plexiglass chambers equipped with electric heating in the north.…”

“…Limiting the Scopus database literature search to concern only vegetation, the head words "climate warming" and "species' range shifts" together result in almost 70 hits during the past 5year period (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016). However, less attention is paid on the effects of arctic light environment (i.e., photoperiod, spectral composition or light intensity) on plants under northward range shifts (Markkola, Saravesi, Aikio, Taulavuori, & Taulavuori, 2016;Taulavuori, 2013;Taulavuori, Taulavuori, Niinimaa, & Laine, 2010), although importance of photoperiod is well-recognized in this context (Saikkonen et al, 2012;Savolainen, Pyhäjärvi, & Knürr, 2007). For example, spectral composition may affect elongation of trees and thereby reduce competitive ability for light.…”

Considerations on Field Methodology for Macrofungi Studies in Fragmented Forests of Mediterranean Agricultural Landscapes

“…In particular, the Mediterranean region could be especially vulnerable, with the extinction of more than 2000 plant species [67] and negative consequences on the structure, dynamics and functioning of forests [68,69]. Therefore, populations will have to adapt to and compete in new environmental conditions, and the response of the fungal communities will be part of that ecological competition [70,71], producing changes in the composition of the species in the ectomycorrhizal communities [8,72]. For this reason, taxa collected in the summer season, although not important from a quantitative point of view, should be of great importance as they are able to fructify in the most adverse weather conditions, and potentially, they are the best adapted to some conditions that could be extended throughout the year.…”

“…Similarly, the increase of CO 2 as a result of global warming leads to an increase in the growth of plants [77,78] and subsequently the mycorrhizal symbionts of trees and shrubs [79,80]. The changes in the mycorrhizal community are the basis for the carbon demands of fungi and the variation of carbon costs for the host in a changing environment [70,81]. On the other hand, variations in nitrogen levels, important in the competitive relationships between plants and fungi, could affect the fungal composition [82,83].…”

A Statistical Approach to Macrofungal Diversity in a Mediterranean Ecosystem of the Iberian Peninsula Dominated by the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.)

“…Fungi play a fundamental role in forest ecosystems [27], they intervene in the carbon and nitrogen cycles by decomposing organic matter, and act directly on the ecological competition of trees and woody plants by interacting as symbionts or parasites [28,29]. Ectomycorrhizal fungi consume a substantial part of the net carbon fixed by trees, and in turn, help them to adapt to environmental changes, due to their short life span and high diversity [30]. Estimating fungal diversity is fundamental to understanding the functioning of a forest ecosystem, but it is only a starting point; understanding how an ecosystem works also requires assessing the relationship of different fungal species according to their form of nutrition, the competencies that occur among the fungi, their fruiting dynamics throughout the year, and what factors influence their development and how.…”