“…This mainly depends on the following aspects: some protein biomarkers exist at low abundance in the early stages and are difficult to monitor, especially in complex environments, such as various body fluids, daily foods, and waste fluids [3][4][5]. Currently, many ultrasensitive immune technologies have been developed, such as electrochemical immunosensor [6], single molecule detection [7], microfluidic technology [8], mass spectrometry immunoassay [9,10], and hyperspectral sensing imaging [11,12]. However, the high sensitivity of these technologies, such as computed tomography (CT) diagnosis and nucleic acid screening of COVID-19 [13,14], traditional cultivation and identification of pathogenic microorganisms susceptible to infection in infants [15], and imaging examination of infectious diseases [16], comes at the price of expensive instruments and costs, complex technical operations, and longer detection times, which cannot meet the needs of fast and highthroughput detection.…”