“…Several alternative revocation status protocols have been developed [5], [6], [39], [45], as well as novel PKIs [3], [24], [47], [48], [52]; however, all of these protocols and PKIs require large changes to the infrastructure. Similarly, many other semi-centralized and decentralized PKIs, revocation protocols and logs have been proposed [7], [16], [17], [25], [28], [32], [44], [46], [50]. Matsumoto et al [36] propose a decentralized framework that incentivizes CAs to monitor for certificate misissuance through financial penalties.…”