Lightning protection of wind turbines &amp;#x2014; A comparison of lightning data &amp;#x00026; IEC 61400-24

Peesapati, Vidyadhar; Cotton, Ian

doi:10.1109/supergen.2009.5348088

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…which could be equally well applied for the negative upward-initiated lightning strokes. Equation (34) with equations (4), (15), (17) and (35) could be used to estimate the (long-term) average number of expected lightning strikes to WTs, of negative polarity upward and downward initiated lightning combined. This has been carried out for the previously treated example of rather extreme WT exposure (Section 5).…”

Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, because of the certain amount of upward-initiated lightning strikes, there is a clear tendency that the frequency distribution of lightning current amplitudes, associated with WT incidence, will be associated with lower median values, as has been observed on off-shore wind farms. 35,36 Additionally, median current of negative upward-initiated lightning to Gaisberg tower (100 m tall and located on a mountain 1287 m above the sea level) is estimated to be 9.2 kA. 37 Furthermore, it has been shown that median current amplitudes associated with upward-initiated lightning have very similar values to those of subsequent return stroke currents and rocket-triggered lightning currents.…”

Section: Comparison Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recently obtained measurements on off-shore WTs suggest a median current significantly lower than 30 kA, although this fact needs further affirmation. 35 This would apparently suggest that the equivalent attractive radius of the WT, computed in equation (29), is overestimated. However, result obtained in equation (29) will be hereafter employed.…”

Section: Wt Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Assessment of lightning current parameters suitable for wind turbine overvoltage protection analysis

Sarajčev

Goić

2011

Wind Energy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A selection procedure for determining the lightning current parameters, suitable for wind turbine overvoltage protection analysis, will be presented in this paper. It will be based on the mathematical model that accounts for the wind turbine geometry, keraunic level, statistical distribution of lightning current parameters and correlation between statistical variables defining lightning current waveshape. Theoretical analysis will be backed up by the most recent propositions of parameters that define statistical distributions and thereafter applied on the concrete wind turbine example. Subsequently, obtained results would provide insight into the selection procedure for the lightning current parameters (i.e., amplitude, front duration, wave duration and polarity), associated with lightning stroke incidence to wind turbines. Emphases will be given to the modern new-generation wind turbines. This selection procedure could be subsequently applied in the analysis (and design) of the wind turbine and wind farm overvoltage protection, with emphasis on the so-called back-surge phenomenon.

show abstract

Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wt Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Assessment of lightning current parameters suitable for wind turbine overvoltage protection analysis

Sarajčev

Goić

2011

Wind Energy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The probability distribution of lightning current values shows that the wind turbine blades capture lightning strikes with lower peak currents in comparison to the windvane [7]. More than 88% of lightning attachments occur within the outermost 1 m of the blade tip [8], but increased risk of inboard puncture for lightning strike of smaller current than 20 kA is also noticed [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Research on the Influence of Wind Turbine Blade Rotation on the Characteristics of Atmospheric Discharges

Radičević

Savic

2011

IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The experimental research, whose most important segments are described in this paper, is one of the first attempts to determine the influence of wind turbine blade rotation on likelihood of getting struck by lightning. The tests were conducted in the high-voltage laboratory, applying the up-and-down method for determination of the 50% flashover standard switching voltage. The impulse voltage waves were applied between the specially designed arching electrode and the blades of a reduced-size wind turbine model, driven by a frequency controlled motor. Two types of lightning protection systems and the case of absent protection system were examined. According to the theory of similarity this paper discusses the characteristics of direct atmospheric discharges for the following typical rotational speeds of the wind turbine: w = 0 r/min (when the wind turbine is idle), w = 250 r/min (for the winds of moderate strength), and w = 400 r/min (rated rotor speed).

show abstract

“…Similar to radars, all the protection methods and restrictions have to be considered at all levels, starting with the design, in order to avoid additional expenditure and manhours being necessary for improvements once in use. During intensive studies and research over the past decades, scientists have been looking at the effect of lightning on wind turbines [98], [99], [104], [105] by compiling statistics about damage events or creating several databases with over 4000 turbines. Table 5-1 gives an overview of data relating to the frequency of lightning damage collected in these databases.…”

Section: Wind Turbinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of electronics in composite structures against indirect lightning

Blaj¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryDamage resulting from an interaction with lightning current in a military naval vessel, especially in a conflict zone and at the time of a conflict, which leads to the incapacitation of vital activities on the ship, is unacceptable. Because many potential conflict zones are in littoral areas, and because of the increase in lightning activity, both now and expected in the years to come, the provision of protection for naval vessels sailing in those waters should be a high priority. The fact that many standards exclude both naval vessels and the littoral area transforms this work into a potential contemporary solution.With the knowledge about the formation of charge layers in the atmosphere, and about the influence such weather phenomena as fog, clouds, and aerosols have on the transport of additional charge particles, it is possible to understand the formation of lightning. A review of the existing thunderstorm prediction models, and finding a way to verify and update the accuracy of such, is equally important at this stage. Merely understanding the root cause of the problem will not be enough to solve the problem, and therefore an extensive evaluation of the available literature, with a special attention to standards, also has to take place. Evaluating risks and finding what was previously accomplished by others, and any stones they have left unturned, can improve the life expectancy of a system or building block when applying and improving the existing technology. Conventional lightning protection measures serve as points of departure to reach the goals of this research. Such issues as positioning, zoning, and proximity to other components more attractive to lightning strikes must not be overlooked since these are equally important. The rolling sphere concept, as described in civil standards, is applied to naval vessels, and serves now as a basic tool within THALES to estimate the risk of lightning, and possible damage and/or interference. Steps taken by other branches of industry in this direction is investigated too. Investigation and a thorough analysis of other protective methods will help to generate the right ideas to tackle the issue and to improve lightning protection of electronics enclosed by composite structures against both direct contact with the lightning current, and the indirect effects of the associated electric and magnetic fields. Diverters are used by the aircraft industry and the possible use to protect radars under a composite non-conducting radome has been investigated experimentally. The constant increase in our dependency on composite panels throughout many branches of industry, including the naval and maritime sectors, make it necessary to quantify and measure all the risks associated with lightning strikes. Evaluating risks, and where necessary fixing them, will guarantee the successful use of this technology. The lack of shielding properties, and the high likelihood of deterioration and damage as a result of a lightning attachment, mean improvements are essential to make the u...

show abstract

Lightning protection of wind turbines — A comparison of lightning data & IEC 61400-24

Cited by 16 publications

References 13 publications

Assessment of lightning current parameters suitable for wind turbine overvoltage protection analysis

Assessment of lightning current parameters suitable for wind turbine overvoltage protection analysis

Experimental Research on the Influence of Wind Turbine Blade Rotation on the Characteristics of Atmospheric Discharges

Protection of electronics in composite structures against indirect lightning

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About