“…1 In current pharmacologic research, S. asper has exhibited antilarial, 3,4 antimicrobial, 5 antimalarial, 6 anti-HBV, 7,8 antidiabetic, 9 cytotoxic, and antineoplastic activities. [10][11][12] The chemical constituents of S. asper including avo-noids, 7,13 volatile oils, 14 phenolic acids, 4 fatty acids, 15 phenylpropanoids, 7,8,16,17 and cardiac glycosides [18][19][20][21] have been extensively studied. Numerous cardiac glycosides have also been discovered from the roots of this plant.…”