Lignin-Based Hollow Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery: Grafting Preparation Using β-Cyclodextrin/Enzymatic-Hydrolysis Lignin

Abstract

Due to its abundance, degradability, and low toxicity, lignin is a promising raw material for the preparation of nanomaterials. However, efficient encapsulation using lignin-nanomaterial for sustained-release medications remains a challenge. This study involves grafting β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), with a hollow toroidal structure, onto the enzymatic-hydrolysis lignin (EHL) to form CD-EHL. The modified lignin was next used to prepare hollow nanoparticles (LHNPs) via self-assembly to encapsulate the antitumor drug hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT). The results indicated that β-CD improved the network structure of modified lignin molecules. Moreover, LHNPs that self-assembled using CD-EHL had an increased specific surface area and greater porosity, and exhibited a spherical hollow structure and stability in phosphate-buffered saline. The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of HCPT were 70.6 ± 9% and 22.02 ± 2%, respectively. An in vitro study showed that lignin-based nanoparticles have low toxicity, and the modified LHNPs demonstrated a good sustained-release capability. This study broadened the potential application of lignin as a renewable biomass material.

Lignin Nanoparticles: A Promising Tool to Improve Maize Physiological, Biochemical, and Chemical Traits

“…To this end, materials containing lignin have been considered as excellent precursors to be used, after isolation of this macromolecule, to obtain nanoparticles to apply in various fields. For instance, lignin nanoparticles have been used for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, for their protective capacity against UV radiation, for drugs delivery, environmental remediation, or for making hybrid nanocomposites [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. However, little attention has been paid to using this biomass in nanoparticle form for agricultural purposes, other than as a support for released pesticide control [ 2 ].…”

Amphiphilic Copolymers Derived from Butanosolv Lignin and Acrylamide: Synthesis, Properties in Water Solution, and Potential Applications

“…The self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers into nano- or microstructures has another important consequence, as it offers the possibility to use those systems as biomimetic nanocapsules for drug or gene delivery. It is important that those polymers display low cytotoxicity when intended for biomedical applications; therefore, naturally derived building blocks, such as lignin, can offer an advantage. − …”

Wood‐Derived Functional Polymeric Materials

“…Reproduced under the terms of the CC‐BY Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons/licenses/by/4.0). [ 121 ] Copyright 2019, The Authors, published by MDPI.…”

“…The hydroxyl groups of lignin were first reacted with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane to incorporate amine groups, which was then modified by β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) to control the release of anticancer drug hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) (Figure 10d). [ 121 ] The introduction of β‐CD increased the specific surface area and porosity of hollow nanoparticles, showing good drug encapsulation capabilities due to the formation of complexes between β‐CD and HCPT. These examples demonstrated the necessity to modify lignin to generate functional nanoparticles.…”