Lignin-Based Polymers

Glasser, Wolfgang G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803581-8.02594-7

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The abundance of hydroxyl groups present in the aromatic and aryl chains provide potential for functionalization, − and several studies reported the chemical modification of lignin by covalent attachment of synthetic polymers and oils. The chemically modified lignin was developed into suitable products such as new dispersants, adhesives, surfactants, films, capsules, and microparticles. ,− Lignin was successfully modified by attaching poly(ε-caprolactone), , urethane groups, poly(glycidyl methacrylate)- co -poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate (PGEA-PEGMA), maleimido undecylenic acid, , epoxy groups reacted with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, succinic anhydride or dodecyl-succinic anhydride (DSA), cyclic carbonates (ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and glycerol carbonate), , poly(lactic acid), poly 2-(trimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate, and fatty acids . The chemically modified lignin showed better performance when compared to the blended lignin due to the contributions of the new attached moieties, which enhanced lignin solubility in organic solvents, stability in solution and UV light resistance, targeting, drug loading, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic balance. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin-Graft-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid Biopolymers for Polymeric Nanoparticle Synthesis

et al. 2020

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A lignin-graft-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) biopolymer was synthesized with two types of lignin (LGN), alkaline lignin (ALGN) and sodium lignosulfonate (SLGN), at different (A/S)LGN/PLGA ratios (1:2, 1:4, and 1:6 w/w). 1 H NMR and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the conjugation of PLGA to LGN. The (A/S)LGN-graft-PLGA biopolymers were used to form nanodelivery systems suitable for entrapment and delivery of drugs for disease treatment. The LGNgraft-PLGA NPs were generally small (100−200 nm), increased in size with the amount of PLGA added, monodisperse, and negatively charged (−48 to −60 mV). Small-angle scattering data showed that particles feature a relatively smooth surface and a compact spherical structure with a distinct core and a shell. The core size and shell thickness varied with the LGN/PLGA ratio, and at a 1:6 ratio, the particles deviated from the core−shell structure to a complex internal structure. The newly developed (A/S)LGNgraft-PLGA NPs are proposed as a potential delivery system for applications in biopharmaceutical, food, and agricultural sectors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin-Graft-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid Biopolymers for Polymeric Nanoparticle Synthesis

et al. 2020

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“… 3) Lignin-based polymers: These polymers can be either prepared from unmodified native or industrial lignins, or from chemically modified lignin. Both lignin-based polymers are the starting material for composites ( Glasser, 2016 ), bio-based nanomaterials ( Grossman and Vermerris, 2019 ), and carbon fibers ( Wei and Oksman, 2022 ). b) Polymers from biomonomers: Monomers from renewable sources that are used in polymer chemistry are commonly referred to as biomonomers ( Visakh, 2019 ).…”

Section: Biorefinery Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biorefineries: Achievements and challenges for a bio-based economy

Calvo‐Flores

Martín‐Martínez

2022

Front. Chem.

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Climate change, socioeconomical pressures, and new policy and legislation are driving a decarbonization process across industries, with a critical shift from a fossil-based economy toward a biomass-based one. This new paradigm implies not only a gradual phasing out of fossil fuels as a source of energy but also a move away from crude oil as a source of platform chemicals, polymers, drugs, solvents and many other critical materials, and consumer goods that are ubiquitous in our everyday life. If we are to achieve the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, crude oil must be substituted by renewable sources, and in this evolution, biorefineries arise as the critical alternative to traditional refineries for producing fuels, chemical building blocks, and materials out of non-edible biomass and biomass waste. State-of-the-art biorefineries already produce cost-competitive chemicals and materials, but other products remain challenging from the economic point of view, or their scaled-up production processes are still not sufficiently developed. In particular, lignin’s depolymerization is a required milestone for the success of integrated biorefineries, and better catalysts and processes must be improved to prepare bio-based aromatic simple molecules. This review summarizes current challenges in biorefinery systems, while it suggests possible directions and goals for sustainable development in the years to come.

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“…Lignin has been extensively studied to produce higher value products than combustion for energy such as antimicrobial agents, UV-blocker in textiles and biomaterial [5]. Due to the high carbon content, lignin from various sources is also the most-studied biological resource for carbon fiber (CF) precursor [6][7][8][9]. For commercial CF, almost 80% use polyacrylonitrile (PAN), a linear polymer derived from petroleum as a precursor, while 20% use rayon and petroleum pitch [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the potential for utilization of sugarcane bagasse lignin for carbon fiber production: Thailand case study

et al. 2019

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Lignin is an attractive biomaterial to replace petroleum aromatics due to its intrinsic aromatic structure and availability. In Thailand, the sugar industry has potential as a source of around 7.5 million tons of lignin per annum. Sugarcane bagasse lignin was developed as a low-cost precursor in carbon fiber production to replace polyacrylonitrile, a petroleum-derived polymer using the electrospinning technique. A technical study and financial assessment of carbon fiber production feasibility from bagasse lignin at the laboratory scale were performed in parallel, and the Thai carbon fiber market was surveyed. Results showed that electrospun carbon nanofiber could be produced from a mixture of 25% lignin and 75% polyacrylonitrile with diameter of 171 nm. The surface area of carbon nanofiber produced from lignin-polyacrylonitrile mixture was higher than that of pure polyacrylonitrile. However, increasing lignin content in the mixture resulted in lower conductivity. Lignin-polyacrylonitrile carbon nanofiber obtained was appropriate for those where higher surface area was required rather than structural application. A market survey indicated increasing exploitation of carbon fiber in Thailand during the last 5 years even though there was no industrial production of carbon fiber due to technical and financial constraints. Both carbon nanofiber and lignin production costs at laboratory scale (12.4 $/g) were 27 times lower compared to commercial carbon nanofiber (343.4 $/g) available in a similar form. This price difference presents an opportunity to further development of carbon nanofiber for industrial application, although intensive research and development are still required.

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Lignin-Based Polymers

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Lignin-Graft-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid Biopolymers for Polymeric Nanoparticle Synthesis

Lignin-Graft-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid Biopolymers for Polymeric Nanoparticle Synthesis

Biorefineries: Achievements and challenges for a bio-based economy

Investigation of the potential for utilization of sugarcane bagasse lignin for carbon fiber production: Thailand case study

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