The overexploitation of finite natural resources and
anthropogenic
pollution pose a threat to economic security and human health. One
approach for tackling these challenges is the development of effective,
accessible, low-cost, bioderived, and eco-friendly technologies for
the recovery of resources from wastewater. Wastewater contains resources
of appreciable market value, including metals, pesticides, inorganic
nutrients, dyes, and per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS). Established
technologies, such as low-pressure membranes, biological treatments,
and oxidation, are ineffectual, while more intricate technologies
such as customized granular activated carbon and anion exchange resins
suffer predominantly from high fouling rates and operating costs,
which eventually reduce the effectiveness of resource recovery; thus,
these limitations motivate the development of experimental technologies.
Green, biopolymeric, smart lignin nanoparticles are potential candidates
growing in popularity for their effective recovery of resources from
wastewater via adsorption, as lignin-based nanoparticles with metal
adsorption capacities higher than 40 mg/g have been reported. In addition,
employing lignin nanoparticles for this purpose will promote the circular
economy of biorefineries and support the sustainable development of
nations. Nonetheless, the valorization of lignin through nanotechnology
is limited by the inhomogeneity of technical lignins and the resultant
nanoparticles. For instance, the physical (e.g., surface area and
electrostatic charge) and chemical (e.g., concentration of hydroxyl
and carbonyl groups) properties of the lignin precursor will determine
the affinity of the resultant nanoparticles to specific metal ions
and their adsorption capacity. Hence, a profound understanding of
the relationship between lignin derivation and nanoparticle synthetic
methodology with resultant nanoparticle properties (e.g., hydrodynamic
size) and performance (i.e., adsorption capacity) is needed to advance
the adoption of lignin nanoparticles in sustainable industrial wastewater
treatment. Alas, reviews of this nature are lacking. To fill this
gap, this perspective reflects on the state-of-the art techniques
for lignin nanoparticle synthesis and their application in the retrieval
of various substances from aqueous environments, highlighting the
properties–performance correlations, the specificity of the
nanoparticles, and their comparative performance against established
and laboratory-scale technologies. Ultimately, standardized strategies
will be needed to control the functionality of lignin nanoparticles
(e.g., hydrodynamic size and programmable morphology) to enhance the
effective recovery of valuable resources from copious and diverse
wastewater resources.