Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes from Compression Wood of<i>Pinus densiflora</i>Sieb et. Zucc.

Mukoyoshi, Shun-ichiro; Azuma, Jun-ichi; Koshijima, Tetsuo

doi:10.1515/hfsg.1981.35.5.233

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Instead of b(1,4)-galactan, most conifers contain small amounts of arabinogalactan, a polysaccharide characterized by a highly branched b(1,3)-galactan backbone (Vikkula et al, 1997;Willfö r et al, 2002;Laine et al, 2004) in their primary cell walls. The ultrastructural distribution of b(1,4)-galactan in compression wood appears to be largely consistent with highly lignified cell wall layers (Möller and Singh, 2007), which might explain the involvement of b(1,4)-galactan in the formation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (Mukoyoshi et al, 1981;Minor, 1982;Timell, 1986;Laine et al, 2004).…”

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confidence: 68%

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Exploring the Ultrastructural Localization and Biosynthesis of β(1,4)-Galactan in Pinus radiata Compression Wood

et al. 2009

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Softwood species such as pines react to gravitropic stimuli by producing compression wood, which unlike normal wood contains significant amounts of b(1,4)-galactan. Currently, little is known regarding the biosynthesis or physiological function of this polymer or the regulation of its deposition. The subcellular location of b(1,4)-galactan in developing tracheids was investigated in Pinus radiata D. Don using anti-b(1,4)-galactan antibodies to gain insight into its possible physiological role in compression wood. b(1,4)-Galactan was prominent and evenly distributed throughout the S2 layer of developing tracheid cell walls in P. radiata compression wood. In contrast, b(1,4)-galactan was not detected in normal wood. Greatly reduced antibody labeling was observed in fully lignified compression wood tracheids, implying that lignification results in masking of the epitope. To begin to understand the biosynthesis of galactan and its regulation, an assay was developed to monitor the enzyme that elongates the b(1,4)-galactan backbone in pine. A b(1,4)-galactosyltransferase (GalT) activity capable of extending 2-aminopyridine-labeled galacto-oligosaccharides was found to be associated with microsomes. Digestion of the enzymatic products using a b(1,4)-specific endogalactanase confirmed the production of b(1,4)-galactan by this enzyme. This GalT activity was substantially higher in compression wood relative to normal wood. Characterization of the identified pine GalT enzyme activity revealed pH and temperature optima of 7.0 and 20°C, respectively. The b(1,4)-galactan produced by the pine GalT had a higher degree of polymerization than most pectic galactans found in angiosperms. This observation is consistent with the high degree of polymerization of the naturally occurring b(1,4)-galactan in pine.

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confidence: 68%

“…In Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., b(1,4)-galactan was found to be slightly branched at positions C2, C3, and C6 (Mukoyoshi et al, 1981). b(1,4)-Galactan in conifers display a high degree of polymerization (DP), which was originally estimated to be in the range of 200 to 300 (Timell, 1986).…”

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confidence: 99%

Exploring the Ultrastructural Localization and Biosynthesis of β(1,4)-Galactan in Pinus radiata Compression Wood

et al. 2009

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“…wood according to the method pre~iously reported. 44 ) A neutral LCC from the normal wood (nor-C-I-M) and an acidicLCC from the compression wood (com-C-I-A) were hydrolyzed at 40°C for 72 hr in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.8) with the cellulase preparations, Cellulosin AC (Aspergillus niger, Veda Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) and Meicelase (Trichoderma viride, Meiji Seika Co., Ltd.), which had been purified by salting-out from 80% aqueous ammonium sulfate and gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-2. After hydrolyzing, the enzymatic digests were heated for S min in a boiling water bath to inactivate the cellulase.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10). 44) In order to raise the frequency of lignincarbohydrate bonds, the LCCs were first hydrolyzed with cellulase, and the hydrolyzates were fractionated by adsorption chromatography on polyvinyl gel (Figs. 11 and 12) into water-soluble materials and cellulase-degraded LCC fragments.…”

Section: {J·c-6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Binding-site Analysis of the Ether Linkages between Lignin and Hemicelluloses in Lignin–Carbohydrate Complexes by DDQ-Oxidation

Watanabe¹,

Ohnishi²,

Yamasaki³

et al. 1989

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry

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“…Lignin-carbohydrate bonds are presumed to exist in higher molecular weight lignin fractions that are water insoluble. Softwood LCCs are distinct in that their carbohydrate portions consist of galactomannan, arabino-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan, and arabinogalactan linked to lignin at benzyl positions , Mukoyoshi et al 1981. In contrast, carbohydrate portions of hardwood and grass LCCs are composed exclusively of 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan and arabino-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan, respectively (Azuma & Koshijima 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes

Jeffries

1990

Biodegradation

176

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Covalent lignin-carbohydrate (LC) linkages exist in lignocellulose from wood and groups herbaceous plants.In wood, they consist of ester and ether linkages through sugar hydroxyl to the a-carbanol of phenylpropane subunits in lignin. In grasses, ferulic and p-coumaric acids are esterified to hemicelluloses and lignin, respectively. Hemicelluloses also contain substituents and side groups that restrict enzymatic attack. Watersoluble lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) often precipitate during digestion with polysaccharidases, and the residual sugars are more diverse than the bulk hemicellulose. A number of microbial esterases and hemicellulose polysaccharidases including acetyl xylan esterase, ferulic acid esterase, and p-coumaric esterase attack hemicellulose side chains. Accessory hemicellulases include a-L-arabinofuranosidase and a-methyl-glucuranosidase. Both of these side chains are involved in LC bonds. [~-Glucosidase will attach sugar residues to lignin degradation products and when carbohydrate is attached to lignin, lignin peroxidase will depolymerize the lignin more readily.A b breviations: APPL -acid precipitable polymeric lignin; CB Qase -cellobioquinone oxidoreduct ase; LClignincarbohydrate; LCC(s) -lignin-carbohydrate complex; DHP -Dehydrogenative polymerisate; DMSO -dimethylsulfoxide; DP -degree of polymerisation; MWEL -milled wood enzyme lignin; MWL -milled wood lignin (not digested with carbohydrases)

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Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes from Compression Wood ofPinus densifloraSieb et. Zucc.

Cited by 20 publications

References 14 publications

Exploring the Ultrastructural Localization and Biosynthesis of β(1,4)-Galactan in Pinus radiata Compression Wood

Exploring the Ultrastructural Localization and Biosynthesis of β(1,4)-Galactan in Pinus radiata Compression Wood

Binding-site Analysis of the Ether Linkages between Lignin and Hemicelluloses in Lignin–Carbohydrate Complexes by DDQ-Oxidation

Biodegradation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes

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