Lignin derived carbon materials: current status and future trends

Zhang, Wenli; Qiu, Xueqing; Wang, Caiwei; Zhong, Lei; Fu, Fangbao; Zhu, Jiahao; Zejie, Zhang; Qin, Yanlin; Yang, Dongjie; Xu, Chunbao

doi:10.1007/s44246-022-00009-1

Cited by 155 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 270 publications

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“…Carbon nanomaterials with high conductivity, stability, specific surface area, and low cost have drawn great interests in recent years (Khan et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022a). These carbon nanomaterials can be divided into zero (0D), also called carbon dots (CDs), one (1D), two (2D), and three (3D) dimensional materials according to their structures (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured carbon electrocatalysts for clean energy conversion and storage: A mini review on the structural impact

et al. 2022

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Electrochemical conversions of carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and nitrogen have offered effective ways to relieve the problems of carbon dioxide over-emission and fluctuated energy (such as solar, wind, tide, etc.) storage. The key factor that impacts the electrochemical system’s performance is the catalysts employed. Among all the materials, carbon nanomaterials generally exhibit high catalytic activity which is attributed to the high conductivity, large specific surface area, and exposed active sites. Recently, more and more researchers set their sights on applying the carbon nanomaterials in large-scale projects. Herein, it is of great importance to review the most recent studies on carbon nanomaterials in electrochemical applications. This paper summarizes the applications of carbon nanomaterials in electrochemical processes, and the structure impact on the performance. Further, challenges in this field are discussed, which can guide the innovative synthesis of efficient nanostructured carbon electrocatalysts for practical, large-scale energy conversion applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured carbon electrocatalysts for clean energy conversion and storage: A mini review on the structural impact

et al. 2022

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“…65,68 ■ ENVIRONMENT IMPLICATION Pyrolysis of aquatic biomass has great application in the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus resources and the improvement of water quality. 4,72,73 However, this treatment still faces the challenge of emitting environmentally harmful gases into the atmosphere. Therefore, exploring formation reactions and evolution mechanisms of gases is essential to reduce gas emissions.…”

Section: Osmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Dynamic Behavior and Synergetic Evolution Mechanism of Internal Components and Released Gases during the Pyrolysis of Aquatic Biomass

Song

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Evolution of gaseous contaminants from biomass pyrolysis has drawn increasing attention. However, the thermal degradation, dynamics, and synergetic evolution mechanisms during real-time biomass pyrolysis remain unclear. Herein, a novel method using thermogravimetry−Fourier transform infrared spectrometry−gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TG− FTIR−GC/MS) combined with thermal kinetics and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy was proposed to explore the chemical properties and temperature response mechanisms of gaseous species released during Phragmites communis (PC) and Typha angustifolia (TA) pyrolysis. The thermal degradation mechanisms of PC/TA pyrolysis were mainly associated with the sigmoidal rate and random nucleation mechanisms. The formation intensities of alcohols/ethers, phenols/esters, acids, aldehydes, and ketones were higher during low-temperature TA pyrolysis and high-temperature PC pyrolysis. The average carbon oxidation state (OS C ) of gaseous species mainly ranged from −1.5 to −0.5, and the OS C slope of most gaseous species was greater than −2.0, which was related to the reduction of aldehyde/ketone groups. Two-dimensional (2D)-TG− FTIR−COS analysis revealed that the sequential temperature response of gaseous species followed: acids → phenols, esters → aldehydes → hydrocarbons → alcohols, ethers → aromatics during PC/TA pyrolysis. The establishment of relationships between the sequential response of gases and degraded components provides an important basis for online monitoring/recovery of gaseous contaminants during biomass pyrolysis.

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“…Fossil energy consumption has recently increased drastically and led to global environmental problems, such as greenhouse gas and fine particulate matter emissions. − Mitigating the environmental impacts of current fossil energy consumption is an urgent and important topic. , As a clean and renewable energy, global biomass production has an annual output of approximately 100 billion tons and has attracted considerable attention in environmental pollution reduction. − It is worth noting that biomass utilization has the disadvantages of high moisture and oxygen content, and low energy density and calorific value. ,, The co-utilization of biomass and coal offers several advantages over their individual processes such as higher liquid yields and higher char conversion rates. , Therefore, realizing the effective synergistic utilization of coal and biomass provides a valuable choice for clean resource utilization with improved efficiency and reduced production costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Emission, Chemical Properties, and Dynamic Evolution Mechanism of Volatile Organic Compounds during Co-Pyrolysis of Rice Straw and Semi-Bituminous Coal

Song

Bai

et al. 2023

ACS EST Eng.

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The co-pyrolysis of biomass–coal blends improves energy utilization efficiency; however, the synergistic mechanisms behind thermal degradation and volatile formation remain unclear. We combined online thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TG–FTIR–GC/MS), Gaussian deconvolution, and two-dimensional correlation spectrometry (2D-COS) to reveal the component degradation, sequential response, and evolution mechanism of volatiles during co-pyrolysis of rice straw (RS) and semi-bituminous coal (SBC), which were mixed in three proportions of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. The activation energies (24.70–53.43 kJ mol–1) and preexponential factors (44.67–7663.43 min–1) for decomposition and average emission intensity coefficient (EIC) (0.06–0.12) of volatiles exhibited significant heterogeneity and were highly dependent on pyrolysis temperature and blend proportion. The EIC values of phenols/esters, alcohols/ethers, ketones, aldehydes, and acids increased with increasing RS proportion. The volatile distribution of blends with high SBC proportions was mainly located in the decarbonylation/dehydration reaction region. Moreover, the volatile organic compound (VOC) and intermediate VOC percentages were 59–83 and 17–39%, respectively, with N-containing species contributing the most to the intermediate VOC fraction. Most of the volatiles mainly exhibited reducing character, with average carbon oxidation state below zero. An increase in the proportion of RS and SBC contributed to high unsaturation and small carbon skeletons of volatiles, respectively. Notably, the primary sequential temperature response of volatiles was hydrocarbons, alcohols/phenols/ethers/esters, and (aldehydes/ketones/acids, aromatics), in that order. Furthermore, we proposed a novel synergistic mechanism to demonstrate that the heterogeneous degradation of RS/SBC components contributed significantly to the dynamic formation of volatiles during the co-pyrolysis process. These novel insights into the mechanisms of biomass–coal co-pyrolysis are useful for energy optimization and pollution control.

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Lignin derived carbon materials: current status and future trends

Cited by 155 publications

References 270 publications

Nanostructured carbon electrocatalysts for clean energy conversion and storage: A mini review on the structural impact

Nanostructured carbon electrocatalysts for clean energy conversion and storage: A mini review on the structural impact

Heterogeneous Dynamic Behavior and Synergetic Evolution Mechanism of Internal Components and Released Gases during the Pyrolysis of Aquatic Biomass

Real-Time Emission, Chemical Properties, and Dynamic Evolution Mechanism of Volatile Organic Compounds during Co-Pyrolysis of Rice Straw and Semi-Bituminous Coal

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