Lignin Extraction from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Sub- and Supercritical Fluid Technology as Precursor for Carbon Fiber Production

Abstract

Recent technologies in the production of chemicals and bio-materials products are focusing on lignocellulosic resources since it is the world's most abundant material, low cost, as well as sustainable. Lignocellulosic biomass consists of three main compounds: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Productions of carbon fiber from lignin as its precursor are proposed to reduce the usage of fossil fuel based materials. However, the difficulties on recovering lignin from biomass are widely known. Therefore, several studies were conducted to explore possible technologies to isolate lignin from the complex lignocellulosic biomass in simple and minimal cost. One of the potential technologies is by using sub-and supercritical fluids. The polymer made of from phenylpropane units (p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol), the building block of lignin in plants can be converted to low molecular weight compounds using sub-and supercritical fluid technology with diverse applications including carbon fiber production.Hence, this paper aims to review on the lignin extraction from lignocellulosic biomass using sub-and supercritical fluid technology as precursor for carbon fiber production.

Native lignin extraction from soft- and hardwood by green and benign sub/supercritical fluid extraction methodologies

“…Recently, supercritical uid technologies have been applied for the extraction of natural compounds from renewable resources such as plants, microalgae, seaweeds and also food by-products. [25][26][27][28][29] In the eld of lignin processing, subcritical and supercritical uids have been used in depolymerisation reactions 30,31 but so far not tested in methods for extraction of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass. Supercritical uid extraction (SFE) is based on the use of a solvent at temperature and pressure above its critical point.…”

Lignin-Derived Oil Palm Biomass Using Deep Eutectic Solvent

“…This is due to the structural complexity of lignocellulosic compounds and lignin. Previously, we successfully produced ligninderived oil palm biomass using water and phenol-based subcritical and supercritical fluid technologies [2,3,4,5,6,7]. The separated lignin, however, has poor purity, low carbon, and high volatile and ash content owing to the sulphuric acid used for cellulose separation.…”

A self-boosting microwave plasma strategy tuned by air pressure for the highly efficient and controllable surface modification of carbon

“…[27][28][29] It can be seen that the application of carbon severely relies on its compositing capability with other materials. However, pristine carbonaceous materials are usually fabricated via hightemperature pyrolysis in an inert gas atmosphere, [30][31][32][33] which makes the surface of carbon extremely hydrophobic, hindering their application in numerous elds. For example, in the aerospace eld, carbon ber must be composited with other resins via interactions between active functional groups on the surface.…”