Lignin particle- and wood flour-reinforced phenolic foams: Friability, thermal stability and effect of hygrothermal aging on mechanical properties and morphology

Saz-Orozco, Belén Del; Alonso, Mar; Oliet, Mercedes; Domínguez, Juan C.; Rojo, Ester; Rodrı́guez, Francisco

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.05.043

Cited by 49 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Compared with other toughening methods for phenolic foam composites, the phenolic foam composites modified with surface-compatibilized poplar fiber offer a novel strategy for the value-added utilization of woody fiber, and improve the toughness and industrial viability of phenolic foam.have gradually become the most widely used building thermal insulation composites. However, due to their poor heat resistance, easy combustion, and the release of large amounts of smoke and toxic gas after combustion, these two composites easily result in huge losses [3].Phenolic foam (PF), an excellent fire insulation composite, has reached the standard of Class B1 flame-retardant foam without modification [4]. It has a uniform closed pore structure, low thermal conductivity, and good thermal insulation performance, and is therefore better than PS and PU.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Phenolic Resin Foam Composites Reinforced by Acetylated Poplar Fiber with High Mechanical Properties, Low Pulverization Ratio, and Good Thermal Insulation and Flame Retardant Performance

et al. 2019

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Phenolic foam composites (PFs) are of substantial interest due to their uniform closed-cell structure, low thermal conductivity, and good thermal insulation performance. However, their disadvantages of a high pulverization rate and poor mechanical properties restrict their application in building exterior insulation. Therefore, the toughening of these composites is necessary. In this paper, poplar fiber was treated with an acetylation reagent, and the acetylated fiber was used to prepare modified phenolic foams (FTPFs); this successfully solved the phenomenon of the destruction of the foam structure due to the agglomeration of poplar fiber in the resin substrate. The foam composites were comprehensively evaluated via the characterization of their chemical structures, surface morphologies, mechanical properties, thermal conductivities, and flame retardant properties. It was found that the compressive strength and compressive modulus of FTPF-5% respectively increased by 28.5% and 37.9% as compared with those of PF. The pulverization ratio was reduced by 32.3%, and the thermal insulation performance and flame retardant performance (LOI) were improved. Compared with other toughening methods for phenolic foam composites, the phenolic foam composites modified with surface-compatibilized poplar fiber offer a novel strategy for the value-added utilization of woody fiber, and improve the toughness and industrial viability of phenolic foam.

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confidence: 99%

“…Phenolic foam (PF), an excellent fire insulation composite, has reached the standard of Class B1 flame-retardant foam without modification [4]. It has a uniform closed pore structure, low thermal conductivity, and good thermal insulation performance, and is therefore better than PS and PU.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolic Resin Foam Composites Reinforced by Acetylated Poplar Fiber with High Mechanical Properties, Low Pulverization Ratio, and Good Thermal Insulation and Flame Retardant Performance

et al. 2019

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“…It is widely used as an ideal flame retardant thermal insulation material in construction, transportation, and many other fields . However, the large amount of benzene ring structure in phenolic foam causes it to have a poor mechanical property and high pulverization, which limits its application . Therefore, improving the toughness of phenolic foam is the focus of current research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Visakh et al studied the effects of different additions of H 3 BO 3 on the fire safety of epoxy resin. They found that the limited oxygen index value increased from 17.6% to 28.1% after adding 10-wt% H 3 BO 3 , and the thermal stability was significantly improved and more char residue was formed. 11 Uddin explored the effects of boric acid on the flammability and thermal stability of chitosan (CS)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite film.…”

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Preparation and mechanism of polyurethane prepolymer and boric acid co‐modified phenolic foam composite: Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flame retardant properties

Chen

Xu³

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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In this work, a new kind of co‐modified phenolic foam was synthesized with polyurethane prepolymer (PUP) and H3BO3 by a simple preparation method. Firstly, in order to determine the optimal amount of PUP, the effects of different PUP additions on the mechanical properties, foam microstructure, and pulverization rate of phenolic foam were investigated. Then H3BO3 was added to toughened phenolic foam, in order to reduce its fire hazard. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the PFPUP8 phenolic foam composite were the best when the PUP content was 8 wt%. It had a small and regular cell structure, and its pulverization ratio was reduced by 80% compared with that of pristine phenolic foam. Meanwhile, the flame retardant properties of PFPUP8 were improved in different degrees with an increase in the amount of H3BO3. Particularly, when the addition of H3BO3 was 10 wt%, the peak heat release rate, the total heat release, and the total smoke release values of PFPUP10B were decreased by 35.4%, 42.4%, and 45.2%, respectively, compared with those of PFPUP8. The value of the limit oxygen index was increased by 33.1%. Besides, the addition of H3BO3 had no adverse effect on the mechanical properties and pulverization ratio of PFPUP8. In addition, the specific mechanisms of toughening, flame retardant, and smoke suppression are also discussed in this paper on the basis of an investigation into the thermal properties of the toughened flame retardant foam composites by thermogravimetric analysis in N2 atmosphere.

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“…1 The phenol formaldehyde (PF) foam from PF resin has generally been used to prepare cellular activated carbon. 8,9 Our recent work found that tannin-based foams were also appropriate due to their similar structure to PF foams. 10,11 In the wood industry, urea was used with phenol and formaldehyde in an alkaline environment to prepare the widely known \phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) resins" by polycondensation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO₂ and H₂ Adsorption

Zhao

Luo

Fan

2017

NANO

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New monolithic nitrogen-containing microporous cellular activated carbon was successfully prepared from phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) organic foam for CO 2 and H 2 adsorption and was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA), a mechanical testing machine, N 2 -sorption and H 2 /CO 2 sorption. The carbon yield was approximately 50% for carbonization and the burn o® for activation ranged from 40% to 56%, which linearly increased with activation time. The macroporosity corresponded to the connected network of cells with diameters ranging from 100 m to 600 m, and the pinholes in the cell walls had diameters ranging from 1 m to 2 m. The micro/mesoporosity is located at the inner surface of the cells. Thus, higher adsorption kinetics than usual from activated carbon are expected. The developed carbon with the highest S BET (1674 m 2 /g) and highest V DR (0.86 cm 3 /g) contained 1.5% nitrogen, had a CO 2 adsorption capacity of 3.53 mmol/g at 298 K, and had an H 2 adsorption capacity of 1.9 wt.% at 77 K, both at atmospheric pressure (1 bar), which were among the best in activated carbons from physical activation.

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Lignin particle- and wood flour-reinforced phenolic foams: Friability, thermal stability and effect of hygrothermal aging on mechanical properties and morphology

Cited by 49 publications

References 31 publications

Phenolic Resin Foam Composites Reinforced by Acetylated Poplar Fiber with High Mechanical Properties, Low Pulverization Ratio, and Good Thermal Insulation and Flame Retardant Performance

Phenolic Resin Foam Composites Reinforced by Acetylated Poplar Fiber with High Mechanical Properties, Low Pulverization Ratio, and Good Thermal Insulation and Flame Retardant Performance

Preparation and mechanism of polyurethane prepolymer and boric acid co‐modified phenolic foam composite: Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flame retardant properties

Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO₂ and H₂ Adsorption

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Lignin particle- and wood flour-reinforced phenolic foams: Friability, thermal stability and effect of hygrothermal aging on mechanical properties and morphology

Cited by 49 publications

References 31 publications

Phenolic Resin Foam Composites Reinforced by Acetylated Poplar Fiber with High Mechanical Properties, Low Pulverization Ratio, and Good Thermal Insulation and Flame Retardant Performance

Phenolic Resin Foam Composites Reinforced by Acetylated Poplar Fiber with High Mechanical Properties, Low Pulverization Ratio, and Good Thermal Insulation and Flame Retardant Performance

Preparation and mechanism of polyurethane prepolymer and boric acid co‐modified phenolic foam composite: Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flame retardant properties

Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO2 and H2 Adsorption

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Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO₂ and H₂ Adsorption