Lignin reinforced rubber composites

Setua, D. K.; Shukla, Manoj Kumar; Nigam, Vineeta; Singh, Harjeet; Mathur, G. N.

doi:10.1002/pc.10252

Cited by 100 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Although the prospects of macromolecular lignin being utilized as raw materials in many industrial processes as a substitute for phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resins and fillers in polymers [111], carbon fibers, binders, polyurethane foams, epoxy resins and biodispersants [112] have been discussed, the most prominent lignin utilization so far appears to be its depolymerization into lower-molecularweight compounds. Lignin can be gasified to produce H 2 and CO (syngas) which in turn can be synthesized into methanol and various other chemicals through known technologies.…”

Section: Future Of Lignin Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin Depolymerization and Conversion: A Review of Thermochemical Methods

2010

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The structure of lignin suggests that it can be a valuable source of chemicals, particularly phenolics. However, lignin depolymerization with selective bond cleavage is the major challenge for converting it into value-added chemicals. Pyrolysis (thermolysis), gasification, hydrogenolysis, chemical oxidation, and hydrolysis under supercritical conditions are the major thermochemical methods studied with regard to lignin depolymerization. Pyrolytic oil and syngases are the primary products obtained from pyrolysis and gasification. A significant amount of char is also produced during pyrolysis. Thermal treatment in a hydrogen environment seems very promising for converting lignin to liquid fuel and chemicals like phenols, while oxidation can produce phenolic aldehydes. Reaction severity, solvents, and catalysts are the factors of prime importance that control yield and composition of the product. IntroductionThe depleting stocks of fossil fuels and the growing concern over the excessive emission of greenhouse gases have forced researchers to investigate renewable, abundant and comparably cleaner alternatives to liquid fuels and chemicals produced from petroleum [1][2][3]. Biomass appears to be a promising alternative and a renewable source for fuels and chemicals. Significant achievements have already been made in the production of ethanol fuel from biomass, primarily starch and sugarrich components. However, research on second-generation bioethanol is focused on a more abundant [4,5] and often relatively cheap [6][7][8] biomass feedstock known as lignocellulosic biomass. Lignocellulosic biomass consists of three basic components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose consisting of parts with crystalline structure and parts with amorphous structure [9], while hemicellulose is an amorphous, heterogeneously branched polymer of pentoses and hexoses, mainly xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. Lignin is an amorphous and highly branched polymer of phenylpropane units, which can account for up to 40 % of the dry biomass weight [10]. The concept of a biorefinery that integrates processes and technologies for biomass conversion demands efficient utilization of all three components [11]. Most of the biorefinery schemes, however, are focused on utilizing easily convertible fractions while lignin remains relatively underutilized to its potential [11]. The lignocellulosics-to-ethanol process makes use of the cellulose and hemicelluloses, leaving lignin as waste. In addition, pulp and paper refineries also generate huge amounts of lignin. Presently, lignin is being utilized as a low-grade boiler fuel to provide heat and power to the process [3]. However, the chemical structure of lignin suggests that it may be a good source of valuable chemicals if it could be broken into smaller molecular units [7].Several studies have been done to convert lignin to more value-added products. These include attempts to convert lignin to liquid fuel additives and commercially important chem...

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Section: Future Of Lignin Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin Depolymerization and Conversion: A Review of Thermochemical Methods

2010

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“…For the current to flow through the loaded composite, electrons ought to be overcome two barriers in order to transfer from one aggregate to another aggregate of the structured filler [27] . The first barrier is the gap width between the aggregates, which ought to be small enough to allow the flow of electrons between them, which is apparently the case for filler loading higher than 40 wt%.…”

Section: Electrical Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation on Properties of EPDM Rubber/High Density Polyethylene/Carbon Black Composites

Mohamed

Zeid

Shaltout

et al. 2012

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering

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“…The most straightforward application is the use of lignin as a filler material in thermoplastic [3,4] and thermosetting [8,9] polymers and rubbers [10] with limited effects on the mechanical properties. Co-reaction of lignin with phenol-formaldehyde resins [11], epoxy-resins [12,13], polyurethane precursors, [14] and polyester precursors [15,16] has proven to be more successful.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%