Lignin Reinforcement in Thermoplastic Composites

Faruk, Omar; Obaid, Numaira; Tjong, Jimi; Sain, Mohini

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35565-0.00006-0

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Water vapor adsorption analysis showed little EMC change within the RH range for the SCWH lignin. It can thus find uses as a hydrophobic reinforcement material in polymer composites with improved hydromechanical properties [70]. On the other hand, the high adsorptivity of lignosulfonates should favor the classic uses as anionic surfactants in various application areas, such as concrete water reducers and dispersants [71].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Wood-based Industrial Biorefinery Lignosulfonates and Supercritical Water Hydrolysis Lignin

Hemmilä

Hosseinpourpia

Αδαμόπουλος

et al. 2019

Waste Biomass Valor

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Understanding the properties of any particular biorefinery or pulping residue lignin is crucial when choosing the right lignin for the right end use. In this paper, three different residual lignin types [supercritical water hydrolysis lignin (SCWH), ammonium lignosulfonate (A-LS), and sodium lignosulfonate (S-LS)] were evaluated for their chemical structure, thermal properties and water vapor adsorption behavior. SCWH lignin was found to have a high amount of phenolic hydroxyl groups and the highest amount of β-O-4 linkages. Combined with a low ash content, it shows potential to be used for conversion into aromatic or platform chemicals. A-LS and S-LS had more aliphatic hydroxyl groups, aliphatic double bonds and C=O structures. All lignins had available C3/C5 positions, which can increase reactivity towards adhesive precursors. The glass transition temperature (Tg) data indicated that the SCWH and S-LS lignin types can be suitable for production of carbon fibers. Lignosulfonates exhibited considerable higher water vapor adsorption as compared to the SCWH lignin. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the SCWH differed greatly from the lignosulfonates in purity, chemical structure, thermal stability and water sorption behavior. SCWH lignin showed great potential as raw material for aromatic compounds, carbon fibers, adhesives or polymers. Lignosulfonates are less suited for conversion into chemicals or carbon fibers, but due to the high amount of aliphatic hydroxyl groups, they can potentially be modified or used as adhesives, dispersants, or reinforcement material in polymers. For most value-adding applications, energy-intensive purification of the lignosulfonates would be required. Graphic Abstract

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relative stable sorption behavior of SCWH lignin implies a less moisture dependent hydromechanical response [69], which makes this material promising as reinforcement in polymer composites [70]. The adsorption characteristics have a close relationship with the solution behaviors of lignosulfonates [71].…”

Section: Automated Vapor Sorption (Avs) Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Wood-based Industrial Biorefinery Lignosulfonates and Supercritical Water Hydrolysis Lignin

Hemmilä

Hosseinpourpia

Αδαμόπουλος

et al. 2019

Waste Biomass Valor

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“…However, its low thermal stability, high degradation rate during processing and brittle behavior have to be addressed. It has been suggested that the presence of lignin increases thermal stability and flammability under oxidative and nonoxidative conditions, due to the formation of char, which acts as a protective layer preventing oxygen diffusion [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and 3D printing processing of bio-based thermoplastic filament

2017

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-In this work, an extrusion-based 3D printing technique was employed for processing of biobased blends of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) with low-cost kraft lignin. In Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing process, objects are built in a layer-by-layer fashion by melting, extruding and selectively depositing thermoplastic fibers on a platform. These fibers are used as building blocks for more complex structures with defined microarchitecture, in an automated, cost-effective process, with minimum material waste. A sustainable material consisting of lignin biopolymer blended with poly(lactic acid) was examined for its physical properties and for its melt processability during the FFF process. Samples with different PLA/lignin weight ratios were prepared and their mechanical (tensile testing), thermal (Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis) and morphological (optical and scanning electron microscopy, SEM) properties were studied. The composition with optimum properties was selected for the production of 3D-printing filament. Three process parameters, which contribute to shear rate and stress imposed on the melt, were examined: extrusion temperature, printing speed and fiber's width varied and their effect on extrudates' morphology was evaluated. The mechanical properties of 3D printed specimens were assessed with tensile testing and SEM fractography.

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“…Lignin as reinforcer/fillers in thermoplastic polymers improved mechanical properties, decreased water absorption, antioxidant effect due to the phenols in the lignin structure [41], improved water resistance, and thermal stability of the natural polymers such as starch or proteins. [40].…”

Section: Ligninsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetable Additives in Food Packaging Polymeric Materials

Munteanu

Vasile

2019

Polymers

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Plants are the most abundant bioresources, providing valuable materials that can be used as additives in polymeric materials, such as lignocellulosic fibers, nano-cellulose, or lignin, as well as plant extracts containing bioactive phenolic and flavonoid compounds used in the healthcare, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries. The incorporation of additives into polymeric materials improves their properties to make them suitable for multiple applications. Efforts are made to incorporate into the raw polymers various natural biobased and biodegradable additives with a low environmental fingerprint, such as by-products, biomass, plant extracts, etc. In this review we will illustrate in the first part recent examples of lignocellulosic materials, lignin, and nano-cellulose as reinforcements or fillers in various polymer matrices and in the second part various applications of plant extracts as active ingredients in food packaging materials based on polysaccharide matrices (chitosan/starch/alginate).In this review various recent applications of plant-based additives (lignocellulosic fibers/nano-cellulose as well as bioactive plant extracts) as reinforcements and active ingredients in food packaging materials are illustrated. Natural polysaccharide biopolymers (such as chitosan/starch/alginate) are nontoxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, and largely used in food packaging: Chitosan is known for its broad antimicrobial activity and its excellent film-forming properties; alginates have good film-forming properties, retain moisture, reduce microbial counts, and retard oxidative off-flavors; and starch is also particularly important for its cheap price and its frequency in nature. For these reasons, this review will present applications of plant extracts as active ingredients in natural polysaccharide biopolymers: chitosan/starch/alginate. Classification of Natural Biodegradable Polymers and AdditivesNatural biodegradable polymers and additives are polymers formed naturally by the living organisms by enzyme-catalyzed reactions and reactions of chain growth from monomers which are formed inside the cells by complex metabolic processes [5].Natural additives can be high molecular weight (natural polymers), such as proteins (collagen, silk, and keratin), carbohydrates (starch and glycogen), lignin, cellulose, high molecular weight phenolics (tannins and derivatives), and low molecular weight active substances, such as cold-pressed oils, essential oils (organic volatile compounds, generally of low molecular weight,

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Lignin Reinforcement in Thermoplastic Composites

Cited by 18 publications

References 73 publications

Characterization of Wood-based Industrial Biorefinery Lignosulfonates and Supercritical Water Hydrolysis Lignin

Characterization of Wood-based Industrial Biorefinery Lignosulfonates and Supercritical Water Hydrolysis Lignin

Production and 3D printing processing of bio-based thermoplastic filament

Vegetable Additives in Food Packaging Polymeric Materials

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