2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.368
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Lignocellulosic ionic liquid pretreated biomaterial/biomass

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Cited by 8 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…ChOAc. Cellulose crystallinity decreases and facilitates removal of hemicellulose and lignin (Araújo et al, 2019;Azizan et al, 2021;Mahmood et al, 2016Mahmood et al, , 2017Ninomiya et al, 2017) Method: hydrothermal-chemical; wheat straw, rice straw T = 170 °C; P = autoclaving pressure and time (t) = 90 min; saturated steam T and at 20 bars; acidic solvent = 0.7% sulfuric acid (hemicellulose solubilization) Nanocarbons (ANCs) (from hemicellulose filtrate), lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs), lignin nanospheres (LNSs). Hemicellulose filtrate with high xylose content (Tian et al, 2022) Method: thermal-chemical-nanogrinding; empty fruit bunch T = 80 °C and P = ambient; solvent = sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for hemicellulose removal; sodium chlorite for delignification (NaOCl 2 ); a steam explosion-sodium hydroxide, sodium chlorite-nanogrinding method The series of steps until delignification were considered pretreatment prior to crystalline nanofiber (CNF) production via nanogrinding (post mechanical step).…”
Section: Cfsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…ChOAc. Cellulose crystallinity decreases and facilitates removal of hemicellulose and lignin (Araújo et al, 2019;Azizan et al, 2021;Mahmood et al, 2016Mahmood et al, , 2017Ninomiya et al, 2017) Method: hydrothermal-chemical; wheat straw, rice straw T = 170 °C; P = autoclaving pressure and time (t) = 90 min; saturated steam T and at 20 bars; acidic solvent = 0.7% sulfuric acid (hemicellulose solubilization) Nanocarbons (ANCs) (from hemicellulose filtrate), lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs), lignin nanospheres (LNSs). Hemicellulose filtrate with high xylose content (Tian et al, 2022) Method: thermal-chemical-nanogrinding; empty fruit bunch T = 80 °C and P = ambient; solvent = sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for hemicellulose removal; sodium chlorite for delignification (NaOCl 2 ); a steam explosion-sodium hydroxide, sodium chlorite-nanogrinding method The series of steps until delignification were considered pretreatment prior to crystalline nanofiber (CNF) production via nanogrinding (post mechanical step).…”
Section: Cfsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Advanced technological equipment adopting light spectrum exposures are commonly used in various research themes for instance by Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy (FTIR) (Araújo et al, 2019;Mahmood et al, 2016;Ninomiya et al, 2017;Rambabu et al, 2016), X-ray diffraction (XRD) or powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) (Araújo et al, 2019;Azizan et al, 2021;Mahmood et al, 2017;Ninomiya et al, 2017;Qian et al, 2021), and X-ray computed tomography (CT) (Mahmood et al, 2017;Qian et al, 2021;Rambabu et al, 2016). Other than that, microscopic analyzer types of scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Araújo et al, 2019;Azizan et al, 2021;Ko et al, 2020;Mahmood et al, 2016;Ninomiya et al, 2017), environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) (Rambabu et al, 2016), field emission scanning microscope (FESEM) (Supian et al, 2020), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) (Qian et al, 2021) were also explored. The thermal stability of the nanocomposites or cellulosic-based materials can also be investigated for its thermal stability via thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) (Mahmood et al, 2017;Qian et al, 2021;Rambabu et al, 2016).…”
Section: Characteristic and Productsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…where DC is the degree of crystallinity, F c and F a are the areas of the crystalline and amorphous regions [32,33].…”
Section: X-ray Diffraction (Xrd)mentioning
confidence: 99%