Likelihood and its use in Parameter Estimation and Model Comparison

Cousineau, Denis; Allan, Teresa A.

doi:10.7202/1036328ar

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Finally, the use of log-likelihood (L2) and AIC has its inherent weakness. With the log-likelihood (L2), the conditional test by subtracting L2 and the number of free parameters between models with T and T + 1 classes do not have an asymptotic chi-squared distribution [44]. With the use of AIC, we acknowledge the limiatation that AIC relies on an asymptotic approximation that may not hold for a given finite data set, compared to BIC which relies on the assumption that the model errors are independent and normally distributed.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and community-level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in Mali: a mixed effects multilevel analysis of the 2018 Mali demographic and health survey

Seidu

Appiah

Budu

et al. 2020

Contracept Reprod Med

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Background Unintended pregnancy constitutes a significant public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa and particularly among young people, who are more likely to closely space births and experience adverse obstetric outcomes. Studies on modern contraceptive use have mostly focused on women of reproductive age in general with limited attention to factors associated with modern contraceptive use among adolescents and young women (aged 15–24) in Mali. We examined the individual and community-level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among this age cohort using the 2018 Mali demographic and health survey data. Methods We analyzed data from 2639 adolescent girls and young women, and our outcome of interest was current use of modern contraceptives. We performed descriptive analysis using frequencies and percentages and inferential analysis using mixed-effects multilevel logistic regression. The results of the mixed-effects multilevel logistic regression were presented as adjusted odds ratios with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results The prevalence of modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in Mali was 17.1% [95% CI, 15–19%]. Adolescent girls and young women who were married [aOR = 0.20, CI = 0.09–0.41], had no formal education [aOR = 0.43, CI = 0.32–0.59], in the poorest wealth quintile [aOR = 0.38, CI = 0.19–0.79] and had no children [aOR = 0.38, CI = 0.27–0.53] were less likely to use modern contraceptives. Similarly, those who had low knowledge of modern contraception [aOR = 0.60, CI = 0.42–0.85] and whose ideal number of children was six or more [aOR = 0.66, CI = 0.43–0.99] were less likely to use modern contraceptives. However, those with four or more births were more likely to use modern contraceptives [aOR = 1.85, CI = 1.24–2.77]. Conclusion Modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in Mali has improved slightly relative to the prevalence of 2012, though the prevalence is still low, compared to the prevalence in other sub-Saharan African countries and the prevalence globally. Individual-level factors such as marital status, educational level, wealth quintile, parity, ethnicity and ideal number of children were associated with the use of modern contraceptive among adolescent girls and young women in Mali. Community knowledge of modern contraceptives was found as a community-level factor associated with modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women. Therefore, Mali’s Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene's Health Promotion and Education unit should prioritise and intensify contraceptive education to increase coverage of modern contraceptive use and address disparities in the use of modern contraceptives. Such education should be done, taking into consideration factors at the individual and community-level of the target population.

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Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and community-level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in Mali: a mixed effects multilevel analysis of the 2018 Mali demographic and health survey

Seidu

Appiah

Budu

et al. 2020

Contracept Reprod Med

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“…Typical tests of fit based on likelihood includes the likelihood ratio test (an exact test for nested models; Wilks, 1938) or AIC, BIC and the like (for non-nested or unrelated models). See Hélie (2006) and Cousineau and Allen (2015) for more on this topic.…”

Section: How Good Is a Fit Of Ez To Data?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The EZ Diffusion Model: An overview with derivation, software, and an application to the Same-Different task

Groulx¹,

Harding²,

Cousineau³

2020

TQMP

Self Cite

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The diffusion model is useful for analyzing data from decision making experiments as it gives information about a dataset that regular statistical tests cannot, including: the rate of processing, the encoding and motor response times, and decision thresholds. The EZ diffusion model is a restricted version of the diffusion model with some parameter variability set to zero, allowing for quicker analyses. Here we describe the EZ diffusion model-including how it was derived mathematically-the measurement units of the parameters, and how it can be generalized to starting points other than the mid-point. We also show how its parameters can be estimated using computer software (the model is available with many software programs such as R and Excel, to which we add SPSS and a Mathematica code). Finally, an EZ analysis was run on one dataset obtained from a "Same"-"Different" experiment.

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“…We compared the performance of the full model to all possible alternative model combinations with different fixed effect structures. For model comparisons, parameters were estimated with maximum‐likelihood approximation, whereas for the best‐fitted model, restricted maximum likelihood was used (Cousineau and Allan 2015). We used pseudo ‐ R 2 as goodness of fit statistic (Nakagawa and Schielzeth 2013) where marginal R 2 (m) indicates the variance explained by the fixed effects and conditional R 2 (c) the variance explained by both fixed and random effects.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High levels of phenological asynchrony between specialized pollinators and plants with short flowering phases

Maglianesi

Hanson

Brenes

et al. 2020

Ecology

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Species phenology plays a key role in determining mutualistic interactions, such as those between plants and pollinators. Notably, temporal synchrony shapes the patterns of interactions by influencing the probability of encounters between interacting partners; thus, species phenology greatly contributes to structuring ecological communities. In these communities, specialized species are expected to show a high level of synchrony with their partners; however, the relationship between species phenology and specialization remains largely unexplored. In three localities in the tropical mountains of Costa Rica, we quantified the level of phenological synchrony in plant–pollinator networks and tested whether phenological synchrony is associated with the degree of pollinator specialization on plant partners. We also tested the relationship between pollinator specialization and the length of the flowering phase of the visited plants. Across all three studied networks, our results show a strong asynchrony between interacting plant and pollinator species. We also found that more specialized pollinators were more asynchronous with their plant partners and, moreover, that specialized pollinators preferably visited plant species with shorter flowering phases compared to generalized pollinators. These patterns suggest that specialized pollinators may be more vulnerable to mutualistic disruptions because they depend primarily on short‐lived resources and have a high risk of phenological mismatch. This discovery has important consequences for specialized species’ potential to survive and adapt to changes in the phenology of their interacting partners, which is highly relevant in a time characterized by changing climates and associated shifts in species phenology.

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Likelihood and its use in Parameter Estimation and Model Comparison

Cited by 20 publications

References 35 publications

Individual and community-level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in Mali: a mixed effects multilevel analysis of the 2018 Mali demographic and health survey

Individual and community-level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in Mali: a mixed effects multilevel analysis of the 2018 Mali demographic and health survey

The EZ Diffusion Model: An overview with derivation, software, and an application to the Same-Different task

High levels of phenological asynchrony between specialized pollinators and plants with short flowering phases

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