1995
DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/40/9/002
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Limitations of a pencil beam approach to photon dose calculations in lung tissue

Abstract: A common limitation in treatment planning systems for photon dose calculation is to ignore the impact on electron transport and photon scatter from patient heterogeneities. The heterogeneity correlation is often based on scaling operations along beam rays as for the method according to Batho or the more novel approach of 1D convolutions along beam paths applied in pencil-beam-based systems. The effects of the limitation have been studied in a mediastinum geometry for a wide range of beam qualities by comparing… Show more

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Cited by 132 publications
(64 citation statements)
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“…et al 7 . has been used for two open beams (6 and 18 MV) where the dose has been calculated using the EGS4 code, including the PRESTA algorithm.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…et al 7 . has been used for two open beams (6 and 18 MV) where the dose has been calculated using the EGS4 code, including the PRESTA algorithm.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The pencil‐kernel model has previously shown to have some limitations in heterogeneous media, see Knöös et al 7 . where it was pointed out that scatter from lateral heterogeneities, as well as disregarding the loss of electron equilibrium, may lead to significant errors.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Instead, the recommendation is to use treatment planning systems which employ alternative dose calculation algorithms, among the most accurate of which are Monte Carlo (MC)‐based 10 , 12 , 13 . These algorithms use underlying physics principles to statistically assess the radiation beam/patient interaction and derive dose distributions which more accurately reflect reality compared to other algorithms, especially in situations with high‐density/low‐density interfaces, such as in the lung 10 , 12 , 15 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%