Limitations of Bed Bug Management Technologies

Doggett, Stephen L.; Feldlaufer, Mark F.

doi:10.1002/9781119171539.ch31

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…), viruses (e.g., hepatitis B and HIV), filariae, and parasites [ 6 , 8 ]. Despite experimental reports of C. lectularius ’s ability to transmit pathogens such as Trypanosoma cruzi or Bartonella quintana in the laboratory [ 9 , 10 ], no evidence showing its role in endemic areas is available [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Population Diversity and First Record of Cimex hemipterus in Paris

Chebbah

Élissa²,

Sereno

et al. 2021

Insects

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Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus are blood-sucking insects with a long history of presence in human communities. We investigated the molecular diversity of the bed bug population of Paris and its suburb cities using cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) sequencing. A total of 1211 specimens belonging to different life stages were collected from 62 infested human dwellings in Paris (13 out of 20 arrondissements) and the surrounding cities (18 cities). Morphological determination and COI sequencing of 132 specimens demonstrated C. lectularius as the predominant species and, surprisingly, the presence of C. hemipterus in four infested areas of Paris and its suburb cities. Neighbor-joining tree and network analyses depicted the presence of two C. lectularius populations. Most samples from Paris and its suburb cities clustered in a major clade. The second population encompasses specimens from Paris (arrondissements 11 and 19) and its suburb cities (e.g., Bobigny, Pantin, and Montreuil) that clustered with Hungary, Czechia, and Finland. This is the second evidence for C. hemipterus infestation in France and the third in Europe, which challenges the classic pattern of C. hemipterus dispersion and implies sympatric occurrence of C. lectularius and C. hemipterus. Since Paris is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, our observations shed light on bed bugs’ dispersal dynamic and may help future vector control strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Population Diversity and First Record of Cimex hemipterus in Paris

Chebbah

Élissa²,

Sereno

et al. 2021

Insects

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“…We evaluated the responses of only two populations of C. lectularius representing two extreme phenotypes—a highly insecticide-susceptible reference strain that has been reared in a laboratory setting for 5 decades, free of exposure to insecticides, and a highly pyrethroid-resistant strain. It is unlikely that highly insecticide-susceptible bed bug populations exist outside laboratory settings because of global widespread pyrethroid use and documented resistance [ 31 , 48 ]. While the highly resistant strain is typical of bed bugs collected globally in residential settings, the magnitude and distribution of pyrethroid resistance in remote villages in malaria-endemic regions are yet to be thoroughly documented.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral interactions of bed bugs with long-lasting pyrethroid-treated bed nets: challenges for vector control

Hayes

Schal

2022

Parasites Vectors

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Background Widespread vector control has been essential in reducing the global incidence and prevalence of malaria, despite now stalled progress. Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) have historically been, and remain, one of the most commonly used vector control tools in the campaign against malaria. LLINs are effective only with proper use, adherence, retention and community adoption, which historically have relied on the successful control of secondary pests, including bed bugs. The emergence of pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs in malaria-endemic communities and failure to control infestations have been suggested to interfere with the effective use of LLINs. Therefore, the behavioral interactions of bed bugs with commonly used bed nets should be better understood. Methods To investigate the interactions between bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) and LLINs, insecticide-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs were challenged to pass through two commonly used LLINs in two behavioral assays, namely host (blood meal)-seeking and aggregation-seeking assays. The proportions blood-fed and aggregated bed bugs, aggregation time and mortality were quantified and analyzed in different bed bug life stages. Results Overall, both the insecticide-susceptible bed bugs and highly resistant bed bugs showed a varying ability to pass through LLINs based on treatment status and net design. Deltamethrin-treated nets significantly impeded both feeding and aggregation by the susceptible bed bugs. While none of the tested LLINs significantly impeded feeding (passage of unfed bed bugs through the nets) of the pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs, the untreated bed net, which has small mesh holes, impeded passage of fed bed bugs. Mortality was only seen in the susceptible bed bugs, with significantly higher mortality on deltamethrin-treated nets (63.5 ± 10.7%) than on permethrin-treated nets (2.0 ± 0.9%). Conclusions Commonly used new LLINs failed to prevent the passage of susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs in host- and aggregation-seeking bioassays. The overall low and variable mortality observed in susceptible bed bugs during both assays highlighted the potential of LLINs to impose strong selection pressure for the evolution of pyrethroid resistance. Already, the failure to control bed bug infestations has been implicated as a contributing factor to the abandonment or misuse of LLINs. For the first time to our knowledge, we have shown the potential of LLINs in selecting for resistant secondary pest populations and so their potential role in stalling malaria control programs should be further investigated. Graphical Abstract The emergence of pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs in malaria-endemic communities may interfere with the effective use of pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets. We assessed the interactions of two bed bug strains with commonly used bed nets using two behavioral assays, namely host (blood meal)-seeking by unfed bed bugs and aggregation-seeking by freshly fed bed bugs. These assays assessed the passage of bed bugs through various bed nets in response to host cues and aggregation stimuli, respectively. Conditioned paper is a section of file folder paper that has been exposed to bed bugs and has been impregnated with feces and aggregation pheromone; it is attractive to aggregation-seeking fed bed bugs. An unconditioned ramp is a similar section of file folder paper that allows bed bugs to traverse the bed net and gain access to a blood-meal source.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Since the 1990s, the incidence rates of bed bug infestations have surged considerably. [5][6][7] Despite the recovery of more than 40 different pathogens from bed bugs, there is no clinical evidence of disease transmission by them. 8 Nonetheless, bed bug infestations are associated with several adverse effects in humans and animals, including restlessness, sleeplessness, and skin irritation with severe itching, which may be due to a local skin allergy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Nonetheless, bed bug infestations are associated with several adverse effects in humans and animals, including restlessness, sleeplessness, and skin irritation with severe itching, which may be due to a local skin allergy. 7,8 The resistance of bed bugs to a number of insecticides has been documented, 9,10 and such reports have been increasing greatly in different countries worldwide. 11 Therefore, it is important to investigate new alternative methods for controlling bed bug infestations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chitosan–silver nanocomposites as a promising tool for controlling the bed bug: Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)

Attia

Khalf

Abou‐Okada

et al. 2023

Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers

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This study evaluates the use of chitosan–silver nanocomposites (CSN) as an insecticide against the bed bug ( Cimex lectularius). Adult bed bugs were collected from infested residential areas and identified using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. CSN were prepared and photographed for characterization using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential. The insecticidal effect of different concentrations of CSN (400–1000 ppm) was compared to that of 0.1% cypermethrin as a positive control and normal saline as a negative control. The bugs ( n = 25) were immersed for 20 min in the corresponding medium, dried with filter papers, and then incubated at 27–28°C and 70% RH with a 12:12 h light–dark photoperiod. The mortality rates were recorded at different time intervals (2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h post-incubation (hPI)), and the entire experiment was repeated five times. Image analysis showed round- to spherical-shaped CSN ranging in size from 34 to 72 nm. The mortality rates were positively associated with increasing concentrations of CSN. The mortality rate first reached 100% for concentrations of 800 ppm at 24 hPI and 1000 ppm at 12 hPI. The calculated LC50 was found at a concentration of 1165 ppm at 2 hPI, and the LC99 was found at a concentration of 1914 ppm at 2 hPI. The positive control, cypermethrin, induced 100% mortality among the bugs at 2 hPI, while the negative control caused no mortality. These results clearly show the potential of CSN as an insecticide against C. lectularius. Future studies on best practices for implementing these particles in clinical settings are recommended.

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Limitations of Bed Bug Management Technologies

Cited by 8 publications

References 56 publications

Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Population Diversity and First Record of Cimex hemipterus in Paris

Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Population Diversity and First Record of Cimex hemipterus in Paris

Behavioral interactions of bed bugs with long-lasting pyrethroid-treated bed nets: challenges for vector control

Chitosan–silver nanocomposites as a promising tool for controlling the bed bug: Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)

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