Limitations of Current Echocardiographic Nomograms for Left Ventricular, Valvular, and Arterial Dimensions in Children: A Critical Review

Assessing the Performance of Ultrafast Vector Flow Imaging in the Neonatal Heart via Multiphysics Modeling and <italic>In Vitro</italic> Experiments

“…2(b)]. An end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 6.74 mL was chosen, which is in the physiological range [47]- [49]. Together with an ejection fraction (EF) of 52.5% [50], these choices led to an end-systolic volume of 3.2 mL.…”

Adult echocardiographic nomograms: overview, critical review and creation of a software for automatic, fast and easy calculation of normal values

“…When building echocardiographic nomograms, a series of issues need to be faced (6,(8)(9)(10). First it's important to decide how to perform the measurements (6,(8)(9)(10).…”

“…6 (16), up to 33.1±4.2 mm (22), according to the nomogram employed. Thus interpretation of nomograms requires knowledge of their accuracy and limitations (6)(7)(8)(9)(10), and similar analysis has never been performed so far.…”

“…Echocardiographic nomograms are tools to estimate whether a cardiac dimension is within the range of normality or how far it diverges from it (6)(7)(8)(9)(10). In pediatric echocardiography, where cardiac dimensions significantly change with somatic growth, nomograms are essential and consolidate tools for the estimation of the severity of many congenital and acquired cardiac defects (6)(7)(8)(9)(10). In adults instead fixed rather than subject specific echocardiographic cut-off values have been generally employed for decades to grade disease severity and pose surgical indications (11,12).…”

“…Quantification of cardiac dimensions is essential during the performance of echocardiography (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) and such measurements should be evaluated according to normative data (6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Echocardiographic nomograms are tools to estimate whether a cardiac dimension is within the range of normality or how far it diverges from it (6)(7)(8)(9)(10).…”