“…Although implementation studies have taken up the majority of articles published on MALL (Burston, 2013), review studies (e.g., Bax, 2011;Burston, 2014;Chinnery, 2006;Godwin-Jones, 2011;Kukulska-Hulme & Shield, 2007;Shudong & Higgins, 2006) have described and critiqued the approaches taken for MALL implementation, and have also suggested directions for future MALL research and applications. From those studies, findings have shown that despite numerous challenges such as small screen sizes, limited audiovisual quality, limited text message length, virtual keyboarding, limited power, and high costs, the portability and high rate of ownership of mobile devices have provided an impetus for language learners to study or practice with manageable chunks of information in any place on their own time, thereby taking advantage of the convenience of these devices (Chinnery, 2006).…”