That which is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it. Every one thinks chiefly of his own, hardly at all of the common interest . . . Aristotle (350 BCE), Politics Book II, Part 3 These considerations should lead us to look upon all the works of nature, animate or inanimate, as invested with a certain sanctity, to be used by us but not abused, and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced. To pollute a spring or a river, to exterminate a bird or beast, should be treated as moral offences and as social crimes . . . Alfred Russel Wallace (1914: p. 278), The World of Life . . . this is a problem of ecology, of interrelationships, of interdependence.We poison the caddis flies in a stream and the salmon runs dwindle and die. We poison the gnats in a lake and the poison travels from link to link of the food chain and soon the birds of the lake margins become its victims. . . . They reflect the web of lifeor deaththat scientists know as ecology.Rachel Carson (1962: p. 189), Silent Spring
The Medium Is the MessageWater is essential for life in general, and for humans in particular. Food production in the form of rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, livestock production, fisheries and aquaculture depend upon the availability of fresh water. This scarce resource also sustains a significant amount of animal biodiversity, much of which is now threatened. Ichthyologist Melanie Stiassny (1999) co-opted Marshall McLuhan's 1964 catchphrase 'the medium is the message' to encapsulate the notion that freshwater biodiversity is imperilled due to dependence on a resource subject to unprecedented and ever-increasing human demands. And the trade-offs between human use of water and the water needed for nature have